American History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

American History - Essay Example The harnessing of similarly skilled and unskilled populations into a cooperative entity to create products for marketing under a single roof was the most primitive form of a factory. Modern factories are highly sophisticated and expertly managed conglomerates which utilize the raw material and human resources in an energy efficient manner backed by highly sophisticated means of creating demand, transportation and marketing. The industrial revolution in the last few decades of the twentieth century has dictated much of the economic prosperity in the world and has become a natural part of our life. Our interpretation of historical industrialization is therefore much easier to envisage than what it could have been from a person living in the 18th or the 19th century. America was basically envisaged by its builders as a country whose backbone was intended to be agrarian rather than what actually happened during the course of history (McKinney, 2008). Thomas Jefferson initially promoted a n agrarian and subsistence farming based model for America which, to his dismay, gradually transformed into an industrial revolution based on innovation and enterprise, driven by profit which led to the emergence of market capitalism (McKinney, 2008). Historically, the period between the revolution and the civil war has been the most influential era which marked the emergence of factories, especially in the northern zone of the American republic in New England and Middle Atlantic states (Prude, 1997). This era saw the emergence of textile factories where mass production of the entity was undertaken under a single roof with the aid of innovative machinery which included powering by water mills. Factories were interpreted in those times as merely manufacturing units with some form of mechanization and use of mass labor (Prude J). In fact, in that era, any non-agriculture work situation was referred to as a factory before it acquired the modern

Budgetary Process Essay Example for Free

Budgetary Process Essay â€Å"Identify and describe the key features that a budgetary process should achieve to achieve managerial goal congruent behaviour. However if budgets are over emphasised myopic behaviour may be observed where a manager (or groups of managers) takes action(s) that improve budgetary performance in the short term but may cause long term harm to the organisation† Discuss. A budget is a short term, often one year, business plan, usually expressed in financial terms (Atrill, Mclaney, 2011, p.314). There are three broad functions of budgeting, these are: quantification of plans, help in financial planning, and monitoring and controlling scarce resources through performance measurements. Throughout this essay I shall be discussing these three areas, breaking them down into seven more specific features of budgeting. Furthermore I shall discuss how myopic behaviour can cause long term harm to an organisation. Goal congruence means developing and maintaining the various activities within the enterprise in proper relationship to each other (Welsch, Hilton, gordan, 1988 p.50). From a managerial point of view this is better explained by making sure they are aware of the different goals set by multiply departments within the organisation; as well as making sure their own goals are in line with the organisations overall plans. There are seven key features that a budgetary process should achieve in order to achieve managerial goal congruent behaviour. The first key feature is authorization, this makes managers accountable for their actions/spending and helps prevent fraud in an organisation (Atrill, McLaney, 2011). For an organisation it is important to make the right choice between a centralised control of the budget, where the organisations overall aspirations are at the heart of any decision making, or to delegate the responsibility to subordinates who will have a better understanding of their local environment. Usually a mixture of centralised and delegated control is chosen, giving some responsibility to subordinates to maintain motivated (Berry, Broadbent, Otley, 2005 p.108). Goal congruence is best achieved by using authorization in the budgetary process to keep Managers / Subordinates clear on what is expected of them from a financial point of view. The next four functions come into effect when planning a budget. Forecasting is critical in preparing an organisation for what is to come in the future, â€Å"looking ahead must be better than moving forward with eyes closed† (Garrett, 2010). It involves calculating many variables in order to predict future economic conditions as well as how governments and competitors will behave. On top of this, the company needs to forecast how the relationship between price and demand will change. Planning links in closely with forecasting as both use secondary data to help organisations determine what to do next. Drury (2004) states that managers are encouraged to plan whilst preparing the budget so that they can consider what changes may occur and how they can respond. An organisation needs to plan out how they are going to treat upcoming circumstances, for example seasonal changes, trends in the market and the likely hood of the company incurring growth or decline. A combination of forecasting and planning enables managers to remain goal congruent as they are aware of what is expected from them and what is expected to happen to the market or organisation in the future. This allows them to have a better understanding of how they are going to achieve their goals and helps keep them focused and in line with the organisation. Berry, Broadbent, Otley, (2005) states the budgetary process provides, in different ways, a focus for forecasting and planning, whilst serving as a channel for communication and coordination. Communication is a critical part of the budgetary process as it is vitally important that each area of the organisation is given a budget that is relevant to the overall goals of the organisation as well as to their specific needs. It is extremely difficult to keep every area of the business content with the budgetary targets and goals set. Individual areas in a business will be competing with each other when relating to funding, resources etc. Goal congruence is achieved through communication by making sure communication is efficient between the different hierarchical levels and between each department. Most organisations form a budgetary committee which includes the senior management that are responsible for designing the strategy; they also receive the initial budgets from each functional man ager (Weetman, 2010, p.319). This will enable swift and clear transparent communication when negotiating the budget, resulting in the best possible budget for each area of the business, whilst achieving the organisations overall aspirations. The final feature of a budget that comes into effect during the planning stage is control / coordination. I have touched upon coordination in the budget process whilst talking about communication as there cannot be effective control/coordination without effective communication and vice versa. Control is critical in planning budgets, as it is important to make sure each area of the business is accountable for its actions, as well as being able to link the budget/targets for each area together to compensate for possible weaknesses in the organisation. Such weaknesses arise when one area of the organisation is relying on another area that cannot commit to what is needed (Weetman, 2010, p.325). Having coordinated budgets allows superiors in the organisation to realise where there are weaknesses early on and counteract the negative effect. An example of this would be out sourcing if the work load for one area of the business is more than it can handle. Budgetary control is often implement ed through cost centres or profit centres. Profit centres allow centralised responsible for revenue, expenses and profit. Whereas a cost centre enables responsibility for mainly costs (expenses) (Welsch, Hilton and gordan, 1988 p.597). These again support goal congruence as the business as a whole is able to see how each specific sections of the organisation is financially performing and whether or not they are helping to achieve the company’s aspirations. Motivation and evaluation are features of budgets that come into effect once the budgets are active. Motivation in budgeting can make or break how goal congruent managers are as motivation in budgeting is an extremely tricky procedure. It has been proven that budgetary targets can indeed improve staff motivation. However too soft a target will make it too easy for staff to achieve and therefore staff performance may fall, whereas setting targets that are deemed unachievable are also likely to decrease performance. Geert (1968) reached the conclusion that provided the budget does not exceed the highest target acceptable to an individual; the results will increase in line with increasing difficulty. A budget allows organisation to set targets and goals that are then compared with actual performance and evaluated. When using budgets (that have been used for motivational purposes) for evaluation, managers need to be careful not to look on small deviations to harshly. A motivational budget is harder to achieve as it is there to improve performance and efficiency in the organisation (Drury, 2004, p.595). Managers should remember that the budget is financially based and evaluating areas such as innovation, corporate social responsibility, staff moral and customer satisfaction are also important to the organisation when evaluating good performance. â€Å"In the context of dynamic demand analysis, habit formation is defined to be â€Å"myopic† when in each period the individual takes into account his consumption history but does not recognise the impact of his present consumption decisions on his future tastes,† (Pashardes 1986).Myopic behaviour is where individuals, organisations or managers focus solely on the short term. In an accounting context this can be extremely detrimental to an organisation’s long term goals, as managers are more focused on achieving their short term budgetary plans than looking at the company’s overall targets. A myopic mind can bring many problems to an organisation’s none financial goals. If managers are too focused on ach ieving there budgetary targets it can stifle the creativity and risk taking culture of the organisation (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). This intern can have dramatic long term effects on an organisation’s creativity and entrepreneurial ability, as it is critical for them to move forward and develop as an organisation. A prime example of this can be seen with the demise of Woolworths, â€Å"history might have been different had woolworths not clung to its time-served ‘pic and mix’ business model† (Boje, Burnes and Hassard, 2012, p.332). In the retail industry it should be critical for managers to remain focused on keeping their store modern. It is proven that modernised stores can set higher prices, leading to larger profits, due to a higher net value added (Hemashree, 2008). Clearly Woolworth lack of enthusiasm towards modernising their stores and being too focused on cutting costs lead to a negative operating environment, hindering their chance of survival. A myopic approach to budgetary goals leads to a concentration on cost reduction and not value creation for managers. For any retailer like Woolworths, managers know that staff take up a huge amount of the companies costs. In the short term it becomes increasingly tempting for managers to enforce staff redundancies to help achieve those targets set by superiors (Berry, Broadbent, Otley, 2005). The actions of cost cutting by retail managers including Woolworths, for example reducing staff during seasonal change (e.g. after Christmas), would cause long term costs to the organisation. Instead of paying high costs due to seasonal staff redundancies and staff training, organisations could reduce staff hours during low points in trading then increase staff hours in line with increasing sales. As well as hindering the organisations ability to think of new ideas, the budgetary process can also have an effect on future development that is already in the pipeline. New projects are often put on hold by organisations which become more worried about meeting financial targets, than trying to expand the company and launch into new markets or create new products. IBM’s budgetary process became so long during the 1970’s that it took 18 months to complete their ‘annual’ planning cycle (Hope, Fraser, 2003, p.7). IBM’s management were affected by another budg etary related issue; becoming excessively inward focused to the point where they were unaware of competitor’s behaviour. Due to their high planning cost this lead them to be unable to, and lacking the agility and ability, to counteract (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). Whilst competitors like Apple were becoming innovated and pushing through their new ideas involving personal computers, IBM were too busy focused on how they, as market leaders, were going to launch the next big thing. IBM misread the personal computer revolution and was unable to react to lower cost advanced computers created by competitors (Hope, Fraser, 2003). â€Å"Keeping an eye on the potential risks and changes in the operating environment is essential – as one delegate noted, budgeting may provide you with a map but if you drive with your eyes closed, you will crash anyway,† (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). There are many methods or remedies that IBM and Woolworths could off used to prevent the budgetary problems associated with myopic behaviour. Beyond-budgeting is a modernised version of the traditional budgeting process that allows botto m up empowerment. This seems to be the best way for organisations to adjust to the fast changing world of the information age (Hope and Fraser, 2003). IBM were affected by being inward focused and unaware of competitors actions. If IBM had been aware of the new beyond-budgeting process they would have been setting their goals in relation to beating their competitors and not the budget (principle 7) (de Waal, 2005). This would of kept them market focused and enabled them to react faster to their competitors actions instead of misreading the market. Driver based planning and budgeting would of, again benefited IBM by helping to shorten their ‘annual’ budgetary process. Incorporating operational drivers would have meant IBM could reforecast on request and would have been agile enough to adapt to uncertain trading conditions (Barrett, 2005). This process as well as enforcing beyond-budgeting principles could off shortened the planning process involving three thousand people that IBM had in place. Woolworth main problem, like many organisations suffering from managerial myopic behaviour, was a lack of innovation. They became too focused with cost cutting practices, trying to achieving budgetary goals. â€Å"Everybody has a sandpit to play in. my sandpit financially is my control plan, If I stay within it, I’m free to play† (Marginson, Ogden, 2005). Keeping innovated and flexible is critical to achieve the organisations long term goals as well as meet short term budgetary targets. In conclusion, traditional budgets are seen as being incapable of meeting the demands of the competitive environment and are criticized for impeding efficient resource allocation and encouraging dysfunctional behaviour such as myopic decisions (deWaal, Hermskens-Janssen, Van de Ven, 2011). I have demonstated how individual beyond budgeting principles can add to traditional budgeting to support organisations, using examples of IBM and Woolworths to demonstrate. De Waal (2005) states that research shows the more beyond-budgeting principles an organisation implements, the better it performs. A combination of budgeting and beyond-budgeting principles allows managers to balance the inherent rigidity of their budgets with the more organic processes of innovation. (Marginson, Ogden, 2005). Using the key principles of beyond budgeting enables managers to focus on achieving long term goals, in line with the organisation’s overall objectives, as well as helping to speed up and modernise the traditional budgetary process. It is however important to remember that the features of a traditional budget are extremely important to most organisations. â€Å"Budgeting provides an overall framework of control without which it would be impossible to manage,† (CIMA, ICAEW, 2004). References Atrill, P., Mclaney, E., 2011. Accouting and Finance for non specialists. 7th ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Barrett, R., 2005. Budgeting and Reforcasting, Financial Management. Berry, A. J., Broadbent, J., Otley, D., 2005. Management Control. 2nd ed. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Boje, D., Burnes, B., Hassard, J., 2012. The Routledge Companion to Organisational Change. Oxon: Routledge. CIMA., ICAEW., 2004. Better Budgeting. London: Silverdart Ltd. de Waal, A., 2005. Insights from Practice is your Organisation ready for Beyond-Budgeting?, Measuring Business Excellence. Q Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 9 (2) (November) pp. 56-67. de Waal, A., Hermkens-Janssen. M., Van de Ven, A., 2011. The Evolution Adoption Framework. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Drury, C., 2004. Management and Cost Accounting. 6th ed. London: Thomas Learning. Garrett, K., 2010. Budgeting. ACCA. Geert, H., Hofstede., 1968. The Game of Budget Control. London: Tavistock Publication. Hemashree, A., 2008. A Study on Working of Modern and Traditional Retail Outlets. Dharwad: University of agricultural sciences. Hope, J., Fraser, R., 2003. Beyond Budgeting. United States: Harvard Business School Publishing Corporation. Marginson, D., Ogden, S., 2005. Budgeting and Innovation, Financial Management. Pashardes, P., 1986. Myopic and Forward Looking Behaviour in a Dynamic Demand System, International Economic Review. Wiley, 27 (2) (June), pp.387-397. Weetman, P., 2010. Management Accounting .2nd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Welsch, G. A., Hilton, R. W., Gordan, P. N., 1988. Budgeting Profit, Planning and Control. 5th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

Perspective on Group Project for Mont Blanc Essay example -- group pro

The Genesis of "Reading Mont Blanc" The project entitled "Reading Mont Blanc" began as a faint wisp of an idea while my group and I were browsing the hypertext in search of other topics. Happening upon the wonderful maps and illustrations of Wordsworth's travels through France and Switzerland, one member remarked that perhaps we could make use of these in some manner. Then, as the various images of Mont Blanc passed before our eyes -- some picturesque and others clearly sublime -- we wondered if these could not somehow frame an exploration of how nature was conceived and presented by the various travel writers, 'grand tourists', and (of course) poets of the Romantic era. Our decision to focus on a single natural phenomenon, namely Mont Blanc, allowed us a certain amount of 'experimental control' in assessing the potential disparities in perception between our three 'subject groups.' It is of course only in retrospect that one can reduce an epiphany to such rigid, lifeless terms. Initially we considered designing a poster whereon the pyramidal contours of Mont Blanc could serve as a sort of hierarchical frame in which to organize the various impressions according to their sublime or transcendent qualities. I believe we expected Shelley's "Mont Blanc" to rise to the top. Had any of one of us been particularly adept with scissors and coloured paper, our presentation might have taken this rather more delimiting turn. As it was, we decided to acquaint ourselves with the literature and artistic renderings of Mont Blanc before determining the format of our project. A book of aerial photography of the Alps convinced us that in order to convey the colossal grandeur of Mont Blanc to a group of people who had likely never seen it befor... ...ce moments in which to engage Mont Blanc (as text) on a personal level. I was pleased to read in the responses we received that students were indeed reminded by our presentation of their own experiences with the sublime in nature. Music has the potential I think, more so than literature, to raise that which lies buried in the mind and to forge imaginative connections between distant conceptual poles. Ultimately I think we learned that Mont Blanc cannot mean one thing; its impact on the beholder cannot be distilled into generic emotive states. Although themes of wonder and awe recur in many of the descriptions of Mont Blanc, such fleeting reactions are but shadowy apprehensions of the potential evocative force of this vista. It is through the mediation of the beholder's own imaginative faculties that s/he vivifies nature or, rather, apprehends its vivifying power.

The Importance of Corporate Social Responsibility

Corporate Social Responsibility Being a company that prospers is very much different than a company that is consistently following a guided work ethic while making revenue. Companies these days may participate in under the table schemes or anything to make that extra buck. Very a few industries willingly follow corporate social responsibility. Corporate social responsibility (which will now be referred to as CSR) is a business firm’s intention, beyond its legal and economic obligations, to do the right things and act in ways that are good for society. Dell Inc. is a showcase example of companies that oblige by CSR.Not only do they willingly do right by others, they were named Newsweek’s 2010 Greenest Company in America. Almost everything they use from building to shipping is completely recyclable. They ship and package everything in material made out of bamboo called â€Å"mushroom packaging. † This sort of packaging is very durable and has the density to protect any heavy items in need of shipping. Mushroom packaging is very unique in the sense that it is grown and not manmade. Not only are they environment friendly in their use of the highly compostable mushroom packaging, they also give back.Dell knows how important it is to donate to charity and they want to create a relationship with whom they are donating money to. As stated in the article, â€Å"Trisa Thompson, VP of Corporate Responsibility, offered that making a determination about which charitable, non-profit organizations to work with internationally must be undertaken with great care†¦.. ‘These are long-term relationships, not short-term, and need to be entered into carefully and with sufficient due diligence. ’† Dell likes to donate 1% of all pre-tax revenue to charities that support children and education.This company truly understands what it means to be successful. Rather than classifying successful as a company that earns substantial net income, the y also put emphasis on using their power and money into making the world a better place. CSR is something every single company should take interest in but some CEO’s just don’t care for lack of a better word. They want to keep every penny for themselves. Cited Source 1) http://businessexecution. wordpress. com/2011/09/06/dell-issues-2011-corporate-social-responsibility-report/

Her body, her baby, her choice Essay

Abortion, it’s not a choice that any woman would ever want to have to make, but it’s a decision that she should have the right to make. If it comes down to the possibility of her and her baby losing their lives, she should be able to stop this possibly fatal pregnancy. The body is hers, the baby is hers, and the choice should be hers. If you disagree, make the choice for your own body. Abortion should be legal. What people may not realize is that, legal or not, abortion still happens all around the world. Of the approximately 42 million abortions that do occur worldwide, almost half are performed by unskilled individuals, in environments that do not meet minimum medical standards or both. † (http://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/gpr/12/4/gpr120402. html). Unsafe and illegal abortion is responsible for one in eight maternal deaths and according to an estimate done by the World Health Organization in 2006 ‘back alley’ abortions cause about 68,000 deaths each year where abortion isn’t legal. There is no question that making abortion illegal in places such as the United States, will only make these numbers increase greatly. It’s no secret that raising a child requires mass amounts of money that many women who get pregnant don’t have, especially if they have no partner to help them out. Poor and low income women account for more than half of abortions in the United States. Without the option to get an abortion, there would be many more children suffering because they have to live their life in poverty. Almost half of all children with a single mother live in poverty, these children experience poverty at a rate that is more than four times higher than kids in married-couple families. Although, it is believed that â€Å"abortion legalization may have led to an improvement in the average living conditions of children, probably by reducing the numbers of youngsters who would have lived in single-parent families, lived in poverty, received welfare and died as infants. † (https://www. guttmacher. org/pubs/journals/3402502. html) Many people who are against abortion don’t take into consideration that not all women are able to safely give birth to a child and the risk of death associated with childbirth is about 10 times as high as the risk of death associated with  abortion. For example, teen girls aged around 15-19 years old have bodies that are not yet ready for childbirth. These girls are five times more likely to die, with around 70,000 of them dying annually. Their babies that do survive still have a 60% higher chance of dying than normal babies. With so much uncertainty, why shouldn’t they have the option to prevent themselves and their own parents the pain of losing a child. Many people believe that women are using abortion as a form of birth control. That they believe that they no longer need to be cautious because they can go pop over to the doctors to get an abortion whenever. However, this isn’t the case and, more often than not, women who get abortions were on some sort of birth control. Though, with any birth control there is almost always a chance of it not working properly and you becoming pregnant. Only less than one in ten women getting abortions weren’t on any sort of birth control. Making abortion illegal forces women who may have taken many precautions to not become pregnant to have a child that they don’t want and makes it so that an unwanted child is born into this world. This would not be fair to the woman or the child. Something that many people who oppose to abortion believe is that abortion, spontaneous or induced, raises the risk of breast cancer or any other type of cancer. There have been many, many studies done studies by various people such as the National Registry of Induced Abortions, the Danish Cancer Registry, Harvard researchers, and The California Teachers Study. The large size of most of the studies and the manner in which they were done provide good evidence that induced labor does not affect a woman’s risk of developing breast cancer. In 2003, the U. S. National Cancer Institute had a workshop with more than 100 of the world’s leading experts who study pregnancy and breast cancer risk. They all found that neither induced or spontaneous abortion are linked to an increase in breast cancer risk; the level of scientific evidence for these findings was considered the highest level, ‘well established’. Abortion should be legal because it saves many women’s lives from unsafe abortion, it can save families from lifelong poverty and it may save the lives of women who are unable to safely give birth to children. In a country that is based on freedom; freedom of speech, freedom of religion, individual freedom, why should this situation be any different? A law based off of a religious belief isn’t something that this country stands for, a law that prevents women from making decisions about her own body should not be a law in this country.

The Significance of Carnevale essays

The Significance of Carnevale essays The Significance of Carnevale in The Rover Aphra Behns play The Rover takes place in Venice, Italy during the Carnevale. Carnevale was one of the more important celebrations in Venice. It was a time of goodwill, dedicated to happiness and laughter much like the Mardi Gras we are familiar with today. The origins of Carnevale trace to over 3000 years ago to the pagan Roman fertility festival of Saturnalia (McCarthy 121). During Saturnalia, even the slaves took part in the festivities. Carnevale, a Latin word loosely translated as farewell to meat, was the last opportunity for wild abandon and pleasures of the flesh before the religious period of Lent. Likewise in The Rover, Hellena and Florinda exploit the Carnevale season to liberate themselves before religious periods in their lives begin the Convent and a forced marriage, respectively. The symbol of Carnevale is the mask. The masks gave participants the opportunity to ridicule the archaic societal standards, without fear of punishment. Venetians of different social classes used Carnevale as an excuse to mingle and, in some cases, to trade sexual favors without fear of recognition or retribution. Members of the Aristocracy, in particular, went about their everyday lives masked for the duration of the festival (McCarthy 124). In fact, the tradition of masks for the Carnevale came from the Italian theater form commedia dellarte (Hughes 110). This type of theater relies on the mask to help showcase exaggerated stereotypes, over-the-top physical comedy, along with improvisation. As the Carnevale celebration centers on maskers, the streets, the squares, the canals - basically the entire city becomes a stage. Similarly, the plot in The Rover revolves around the issues of disguise and confused identities. The character of Hellena wears several costumes: a lady, a gypsy, and a boy. In costume, Hellena flirts with Willmore, and the disguise prevents a...

Safe Sex A function of the Person Perception Paradigm essays

Safe Sex A function of the Person Perception Paradigm essays Many theories and much research has been conducted on contraception in general, and more recently on condoms in particular, as a result of the AIDS epidemic (Lear, 1995). Condom usage and AIDS education are essential tools for reducing the impact of the disease, yet fewer than one third of sexually active college students report consistent condom use (Seal s sexual activity before engaging in sexual activity (Seal Person Perception Paradigm and This Study The efficacy of the person perception paradigm for accurately gathering the social meanings implied by certain actions has been proven in past research (Collins s behaviors within a vignette are the foundation for impressions the participants form about the social meanings of actions. Collins and Brief have gone on to argue that...

10 Sentences with Muddled Meanings Made Clear

10 Sentences with Muddled Meanings Made Clear 10 Sentences with Muddled Meanings Made Clear 10 Sentences with Muddled Meanings Made Clear By Mark Nichol One of my mottos is â€Å"Mean what you say, and say what you mean.† I try to write by the same standards, but it’s harder than it looks. What appears to be a reasonable sentence often isn’t and â€Å"I understand what the writer meant to write† is a poor excuse for â€Å"I understand what the writer wrote.† Here are some examples of how to make an almost-right statement a right statement: 1. â€Å"The colonists were eager to surround themselves with the gardens of their homeland.† This sentence implies that the colonists excavated the gardens in their homeland and deposited them in their new environs. Here’s the intended meaning: â€Å"The colonists were eager to surround themselves with gardens reminiscent of those in their homeland.† 2. â€Å"The amount of water pumped from the reservoir reached a seemingly impossible peak of half a million acre-feet.† Peak is an awkward analogical term when referring to water volume. A more semantically neutral description is called for: â€Å"The amount of water pumped from the reservoir reached a seemingly impossible maximum output of half a million acre-feet.† 3. â€Å"We visited a Polish concentration camp.† The writer states an impossibility: Poland never established concentration camps. What is true is that Nazi Germany established concentration camps in Poland. Superficially speaking, the difference is subtle, but the insensitivity of the inadvertent error is profound. To be accurate, write, â€Å"We visited a concentration camp in Poland.† 4. â€Å"The opposite pole with respect to availability is represented by Poland.† While we’re in Poland, let’s note the distracting use of pole, which when capitalized refers to a person from Poland, in a sentence about that nation. In addition to omitting the distraction, let’s make the sentence active: â€Å"Poland represents the other extreme on the spectrum of availability.† 5. â€Å"The 275-square-mile tropical island off the southern end of the Malay Peninsula is smaller than New York City and every other country in southeast Asia.† The phrase â€Å"New York City and every other country† implies that the Big Apple is located in southeast Asia. Here’s what the writer meant: â€Å"The 275-square-mile tropical island off the southern end of the Malay Peninsula, dwarfed by every other country in southeast Asia, is smaller than New York City.† 6. â€Å"Another report with thirty-two in-depth interviews has shown that all participants support the procedure.† Unless both reports in question were based on thirty-two in-depth interviews, the sentence should be slightly revised to indicate otherwise: â€Å"Another report, with thirty-two in-depth interviews, has shown that all participants support the procedure.† 7. â€Å"One group of countries (Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, France, Mexico, New Caledonia, and Puerto Rico) does not permit adoption by homosexual couples but does permit single people to adopt.† The phrase â€Å"one group of countries† incorrectly implies that they act in concert to prohibit adoption by homosexual couples. Omit the troublesome phrase and start with the list: â€Å"Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Finland, France, Mexico, New Caledonia, and Puerto Rico do not permit adoption by homosexual couples but do permit single people to adopt.† 8. â€Å"The United States was right in interning the Japanese, and maybe it should happen again.† This sentence, part of a discussion about dealing with terrorism practiced by Islamic extremists, isn’t meant to propose that people of Japanese ancestry in the United States should be interned in response to the terrorist attacks, but that’s what it says. The statement should be revised to convey that the reference to the Japanese is an analogy: â€Å"The United States was right in interning the Japanese, and maybe a similar strategy should be employed again.† 9. â€Å"Many Americans seem resigned to the notion that agriculture and big industries require a ton of water, and there’s not much we can do to change that.† This sentence, out of context, has an almost invisible error. The point is not that altering the notion is seemingly insurmountable; it’s that Big Business’s supposedly insatiable need for water is part of the notion: â€Å"Many Americans seem resigned to the notion that agriculture and big industries require a ton of water and that there’s not much we can do to change that.† 10. â€Å"If you havent been there, it is one of the greatest and most civilized places on Earth.† This subtle error is of a type called a false conditional; when read literally, it implies that if, and only if, you haven’t visited a certain country, it can claim to be what the sentence conveys about it. (Isn’t that faintly insulting to you?) The intended meaning follows: â€Å"If you haven’t been there, you should go, because it is one of the greatest and most civilized places on Earth.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! 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Mies van der Rohe architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Mies van der Rohe architecture - Term Paper Example Mies is known for the spiritualization of technique and he was an architect with the special ability to reduce all the problems of his character to the essential simplicity of his architecture. Significantly, the modern style in architecture commonly referred to as High Modernism was introduced in United States of America mainly by Mies van der Rohe and Walter Gropius. Mies van der Rohe worked as the director of Germany’s most famous design school, Bauhaus, during 1930-33 and he started applying the Modern architectural style to his works. The liberal members of the Bauhaus such as Mies and Gropius found their way in due course to America when it was disbanded by the Nazis and they reworked the modernist architecture in the 1940s and 50s. As a proponent of the modern architecture, Mies defined interior spaces with modern materials like industrial steel and plate glass in his mature buildings. One of the characteristic features of his style of architecture is that it made use o f minimal framework of structural order and he is the most important architect of the modernist and late-modernist architecture. Significantly, Mies van der Rohe is highly recognized for his skin and bones style architecture and his modernist architecture is esteemed for its plain surfaces and straightforward rectangular shapes which was adapted to the corporate skyscrapers, apartments, and university buildings. As E. C. Relph maintains, â€Å"his plans were simplicity itself. All the buildings were arranged in lines and at right angles, and their basic form was that of a carefully proportioned cube expressing the structure of steel columns and beams as perfectly as possible. The slogan Mies invented to express his design philosophy was ‘Less is More’.† (Relph, 191) Therefore, it is fundamental to maintain that the modernist architecture style introduced by Mies has been noted for simplicity and the skin and bones style achieved grand success in modern architectu re. This paper makes a profound analysis of Mies van der Rohe architecture in order to realize how his work relates to ‘modernism’ we can appreciate today. Born as the son of a stonemason, Mies van der Rohe received practical experience in construction during the early stages of his life and his later architecture style proved to be the milestone in modernist architecture. Soon he became Germany’s most important architect of his time and severed as the director of Bauhaus where he applied his Modernist architectural principles to his works. Whereas his early designs as an independent designer show the influence of Schinkel, he rapidly grew into a Modernist architect with original designs and styles, and his concept of a transparent skyscraper marked a new step towards Modernism. However, due to the scantiness of material science and construction techniques, it took more time for him to establish as the leading proponent of High Modernism. In 1938, he became the h ead of the architectural school at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago and he redefined Modern architecture with a string of important commissions in the following years. â€Å"The elevated glass cube of the Farnsworth House (1950) in Plano, Illinois, took ideas of open, simple interior spaces to their extreme. The pristine steel and glass tower of the Lake Shore Drive Apartments (1951) in Chicago were hailed as perfect new renditions of this building type, and the Seagram Building (1958) in New York was viewed as the prototypical new skyscraper.†

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion Essay

Persuasive Communications, Campaigning and Public Opinion - Essay Example The gay and lesbian community will voice their concerns regarding same sex marriage. In some states, the government upholds the right of people to enter into same sex marriages. On the other hand, other states are very conservatives. As conservatives, the states do not allow the lovers to enter into same sex marriages. Consequently, the government must indicate the many advantages of marrying someone from the opposite sex. Likewise, the government can explain the harsh side effects of same sex marriages. In some areas of society, the government includes the public’s demand for better health-related laws and policies (Price, 1992). The health-related laws include prohibiting the sale of marijuana, cocaine and other prohibited drugs. The health care laws cater to the public opinion stating that the people want to rid their communities from the menaces of dangerous drugs. Additionally, a town may generate a public opinion stating they do not want the pollution emanating from the nearby factory sites (Gonzalez, 2006). The government can use the public opinion as basis for issuing a government memorandum that instructs the factories to comply with environmental protection laws. The environmental protection laws must be implemented at all times. The environmental laws require the business establishments to reduce factory smoke exhaust to allowable levels. The companies’ compliance with the reduction of the smoke exhaust levels will create a positive public opinion among the residents of the affected communities. On the other hand, the same government policy to reduce the pollution exhaust levels of the factories may not generate a favorable public opinion among members of one sector of the community (Gonzalez, 2006). The sector is the group of companies that install the smoke exhaust pipes. By requiring the companies to install the exhaust pipes, the companies must allocate a huge amount of money to restructure the production building. The

Wireless Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Wireless Technology - Essay Example Wireless technologies are becoming commonplace. Millions of individuals and businesses apply to the benefits of wireless technology, to raise the efficiency and productivity of their decisions. That wireless technology benefits businesses and improves their productivity is undeniable. Unfortunately, not all business owners are willing to accept and deploy effective wireless systems in their organizations. Wireless technologies speed up data transmission and are more secure compared with hardware wired mechanisms. The multitude of wireless technology standards makes it possible to find the best solution for each and every worker. The use of wireless technologies is particularly useful for the complex organizations, which comprise numerous departments and are being dispersed over a large territory: in this case, wireless technologies are the only possible way to improving interconnectedness and sharedness of knowledge and data between all levels of the organization’s performance . The current state of technology provides an extensive list of wireless technologies and standards, which facilitate the choice of the best wireless solution. The use of Wi-Fi, HomeRF and Bluetooth favor the implementation of wireless technologies in business and help businesses to meet their data transmission needs. â€Å"Wi-Fi is the most widely used wireless technology at present. It is an IEEE 802.11b wireless standard and can transmit data up to 11 Mbps† (Wells, 2009, p.81). The use of improved Wi-Fi versions is possible, too: for example, WiFi/g and WiFi5 exemplify a relatively new standard of connectivity and can transmit data at almost 54 Mbps (Wells, 2009). Apparently, there is no need to wait until wireless technologies â€Å"settle down†. They have already become an essential ingredient of daily business routine. Undoubtedly, wireless networks can enhance productivity and efficiency within organizations. This is, actually, one of the

Early Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Early Intervention - Essay Example first one is IFSP - Individualized Family Service Plan is a plan put together by the multidisciplinary team to help the family assist the child in the functioning of day to day activities. The parents should be involved in the team that comes up with the program. The second one is EIT - Early Intervention Team this team carries out the goals made in the IFSP. The team meets once or twice in a week to work with the parents and the children. Martine has done a great job in helping her son who has a disability. From her experience, I have learned it is important to be keen on your child’s growth. After she had discovered her son had a disability, she went through the program that would enable her to help her son. She also involved her spouse in the process so that they would work as a team. The program has helped her to give the son an opportunity to be independent. She sets a good example for parents with children with

Research Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Research Reflection - Essay Example I will be passing out a survey to my father’s employees. This survey will contain questionnaire about few motivational behaviors which we can implement in our business. Through this survey, we are hopeful of finding out the perception of our employees and also their present motivation and interest level. It is important that we find out which motivational scheme is most important, in order to keep our employees happy. Since it is a small business, the greatest fear is high attrition rate and skilled employees leaving the business. To get into the appliance repair business one does not need much capital therefore it is important that we keep our employees happy with the right motivational scheme. That way they will not leave us to start their own business. Experience A cohort can be termed as a group of people sharing similar characteristics. These characteristics can be age, date of birth, place of origin, place of study. A cohort group can also be formed by people, who are su bjected to similar kind of situations such as undergoing a particular medical procedure etc (Fein, Tziner & Vasiliu, 2010). A cohort study is also known as longitudinal study in which the cohort group is studied with respect to a general population (Catlin and Maupin, 2004). I was exposed to a similar situation when I attended Christian university, for a period of 22 months and went through 11 classes each seven weeks long. I was studying with a cohort group with similar people. This group was similar in terms of age group, knowledge level, education inheriting from the same university. It was natural that the way of understanding the knowledge and interpreting them, was very much similar, as taught by our lecturers. I have had varying experiences during my study tenure in the cohort group. Few days after the classes started in full swing, we started losing our students. Few students dropped out and few were called off by their parents because of personal reasons. Even though most o f the participants were of similar age, we had an old lady. The study materials we had been very helpful and lecturers helped us during the research. There were few misunderstandings and quarrels too. Few of the participants of the cohort were not in line with the techniques used by the rest of the cohort during the tenure. But these issues were resolved at the end with proper understanding and some compromises from both the groups. Being in a cohort with the same group of students is quite an experience. The norming and forming is constant. It is also good to know that every time we have to present it is in front of people you know and acquainted with. It helps to boost experience and better results are generated. Reflection The basic concept which I understood is that group or team dynamics is a system of psychological and behavioral process which occurs within a social group. It can also be termed as intra group dynamics which means actions and their subsequent reactions and cons equences occurring within a group. From the classes which I attended on this particular topic, I was able to understand that group dynamics is done with the objective of understanding behaviors such as decision making, creating and implementing new techniques and ideas, making new ideas viable in the society and making them useful for the current as well as future generation. Since there were only two classes on the topic of group and team dynamics, the classes were not

Early Intervention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Early Intervention - Essay Example first one is IFSP - Individualized Family Service Plan is a plan put together by the multidisciplinary team to help the family assist the child in the functioning of day to day activities. The parents should be involved in the team that comes up with the program. The second one is EIT - Early Intervention Team this team carries out the goals made in the IFSP. The team meets once or twice in a week to work with the parents and the children. Martine has done a great job in helping her son who has a disability. From her experience, I have learned it is important to be keen on your child’s growth. After she had discovered her son had a disability, she went through the program that would enable her to help her son. She also involved her spouse in the process so that they would work as a team. The program has helped her to give the son an opportunity to be independent. She sets a good example for parents with children with

Boundary Location Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Boundary Location - Assignment Example This boundary allocation was considered very important. This is because it was meant to give a clear direction on different boundaries of regions (Keen 1995). This was meant to create peace in those regions. It is important to note that lots 12 and 13 were bordering each other. These lots were supposed to be differentiated properly to avoid conflicts between the neighbors. It must be noted that these two lots were put in to place by professionals who understood how to divide boundaries. It must be noted that lot 12 and 13 were divided in accordance to legal requirements that regulates issues that pertain to land (Conrow 2003). Boundary location between lots 12 and 13 was done in a better way. These boundaries were put in place by legal experts. Let me also note that location of these boundaries is in tandem with laws that regulate land in the country. It is important to note that the allocation of the two boundaries took long time. This was contributed by the complications and complexity of the whole process. It is also important to note that boundary location between lot 12 and 13 put in to account the interests of the residents in those regions. It is therefore important to highlight this will result in to creation of peaceful coexistence between the two neighbors. According to me, allocation of lot 12 and 13 was legal and proper (Wilson 2010). The part shown in figure 3 is not part of my client’s property. This is because this part has been demarcated clearly. According to the picture, my client does not deserve this region because it is within another person’s land. Let me highlight that clear demarcations, as fences should be used to differentiate different regions. This will ensure that there is no conflict between residents in those regions (Anderson 2011). The owner of cottage has to realize that it is located in another person’s land. According to the figure, demarcations show clearly that it within another

The Dalits of India Essay Example for Free

The Dalits of India Essay I had been planning my trip to India for a year. I read about the Dalit people by accident one day while waiting for my car at a car repair shop. The Dalit people — also known as â€Å"Untouchables† — have been the most oppressed caste for over 3,000 years, living at the bottom of Indias rigid social order. The word â€Å"Dalit† means â€Å"broken, ground-down, downtrodden, or oppressed. † Dalits comprise about  ¼ of the population of India: that’s seven times the entire population of Canada. [1] This large group of people are considered to pollutants to the rest of India. They are considered to be a lower class of people and are treated this way. The Dalit people are only given disgusting jobs like preparing bodies for cremation, picking up human waste and dead animals. The Adivasis is the collective name used for the many tribal peoples of India. Adivasis are not an homogenous group — with over 200 tribes speaking over 100 languages, which vary greatly in ethnicity, culture and language; however there are similarities in their way of life and generally perceived inferior position within Indian society. There are over 50 million Adivasis constituting 7. 5% of the Indian population, thus making it the largest tribal population in the world. 2] The best way for me to prepare for this trip was to get back to the basics. I started by weaning myself off of modern day conveniences. I packed away my coffee pot and my gps. I learned how to use a compass and a map. I took a few camping trips to learn how to start a fire and cook food on that fire. I researched the native plant life of India so I will know what I can eat and touch. I packed my luggage 6 months early. Every week or two I would go through and re-pack, getting down to the basics. During the ‘weaning process, I learned a lot about myself and how much stuff I do not need. The 67. 7 million people belonging to Scheduled Tribes in India are generally considered to be Adivasis, literally meaning indigenous people or original inhabitants, though the term Scheduled Tribes (STs) is not coterminous with the term Adivasis. Scheduled Tribes is an administrative term used for purposes of administering certain specific constitutional privileges, protection and benefits for specific sections of peoples considered historically disadvantaged and backward. [3] In 1952 the Nehruvian Panchsheel gave the Adivasi these rights: 1. Tribals should be llowed to develop according to their own genius. 2. Tribals’ rights in land and forest should be respected 3. Tribal teams should be trained to undertake administration and development without too many outsiders being inducted. 4. Tribal development should be undertaken without disturbing tribal social and cultural institutions 5. The index of tribal development should be the quality of their life and not the money spent [4] The race is India but the cultures are different from the ‘normal’ India natives. The Culture of the Dalits is one of hard-work and rest, honesty and simplicity, achievements and celebrations. Dalits are always creative and productive, celebrations and enjoyments. Come with that freedom, frankness, open heartedness, songs, steps, beats, drums, dance and drama; food, feasting, festivals, thanksgiving, worship, prayer and sacrifices. It is an agriculture based agrarian farm culture. [5] These groups of people are so hated that officers that are paid to protect and enforce laws never bother. They are just there for the pay. The ‘outside’ world does not want to learn about these people. If they were just given a chance, other would learn that they are not lower class people because they are poor or live a very simple life. They do not show any relevance to the modern communist economy. They have collective ownership of the means of production, they have a sense of equality among community members, they have a spirit of cooperation with each other, they make consensus decisions pertaining to the community and aim to protect and nurture their environment. With all the planning and weaning I did to prepare, I was still amazed when I first arrived. Beautiful and sad. The people are treated like a lower class but they are so full of love and life. I learned so much about life in just the few months that I was there. Even when life sucks, you can make the best out of it. Even though these people are suppressed and treated very poorly, they survive. With the help of foundations like the Dalit Freedom Network, they will continue to survive and their lives will slowly get better. I will continue to pass the story of the Dalits along to everyone I come in contact with. Their story is an encouraging one. It is my hopes that my story will touch the heart of at least one person, so that someday, other peoples like the Dalits will people who care.

Should The Death Penalty Be Mandatory For Homicide?

Should The Death Penalty Be Mandatory For Homicide? Death penalty is considered to be a cruel and inhuman punishment for crimes mostly for the murder since 19th century. Death penalty is also called capital punishment which is the supreme punishment of murder or killing. Death penalty in Texas, in USA for homicide is shouldnt be mandatory because it is a brutal and inhuman punishment. Texas has the record for the number of executions. This death penalty issue is a controversial issue because some states and people think that the use of capital punishment should be mandatory for all murders otherwise the number of homicide or crimes will be increased dramatically and the criminal will get more chance to do more crimes like homicide. Besides this most of the nongovernmental institution like Amnesty International, United Nation does not want to let the death penalty mandatory for murders. According to Irene Khan, the secretary general of Amnesty International, The death penalty is the ultimate cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. Beh eadings, electrocutions, hangings, lethal injections, shootings and stoning have no place in the 21st century (Amnesty International USA, Death Penalty: 2,390 executions in 2008 worldwide, 72 per cent in China). States of Texas use electric chair, lethal injection, lethal gas, hanging, and firing squad to execute the guilty. Firstly, I believe that punishment like death penalty for homicide which is an in justification to human being and violation of human rights should not be mandatory. Secondly, the cost of death penalty for homicide is higher than the cost for the sentencing alternative of life imprisonment without possibility of parole. (The Death Penalty: Specific Issues). Thirdly, the danger of erroneous convictions and executions of the innocent people may increase because of the usage of false testimony, the willful suppression of evidence, and coerced a confession. Again, People have the right to live. Who gave the right to the state to take a decision of capital punishment against a person? (The Death Penalty V Human Rights: Why abolish the death penalty? September 2007). Firstly, death penalty for homicide is a violation of fundamental human rights. For homicide death penalty should not be compulsory because it offers society not further protection but further brutalization. The state can exercise no greater power over a person than that of deliberately depriving him or her of life. However, the state does has the right to punish a person by sentencing him or her to death? From the critics view the answer should be No. (The Death Penalty V Human Rights: Why abolish the death penalty? September 2007). Capital punishment denies the legal process of law. The approval of death penalty is contradictory to law where the human rights is being preserved. The imposement of death penalty differs because of the color of the people and the financial condition which is injustice and against human rights. In June 29, 1972, the US Supreme Court declared capital punishment as a cruel and unusual punishment which proves that death penalty is a violation of human righ ts and injustice to the people. (Death Row Facts: Texas Department of Criminal Justice). A person who is innocent but punished for the deeds which he or she did not is a clear violation of human rights. Secondly, death penalty for homicide in Texas should not be mandatory because of the knowing use of false testimony, the willful suppression of evidence, and coerced a confession which has, at times, resulted in the conviction and execution of innocent persons on capital punishment. Factors like police and prosecutorial misconduct, misinterpretation, inadequate legal representation, undeveloped technology also lead the judge to give a punishment like death penalty for homicide which shouldnt be done with the people who are innocent. In USA since 1973, because of the evidence of their wrongful convictions, over 130 people have been released from the death row. And in Texas the release of four men from the death row on grounds of innocence prove that death penalty for homicide is a wrong decision. (Regional summaries, Death Penalty and Innocence: Amnesty International USA). For example, Randall Dale Adams and Clarence Brandley was the victims of the misconduct of the judges and was rel eased from the death row after years of struggle to prove them innocent (C. Dieter, Richard: The Future of Death Penalty in the U.S.: A Texas Sized Crisis). Thirdly, the cost of death penalty for homicide is higher than the cost for the life imprisonment which is an alternative to death penalty. If it is mandatory for all murders the cost will increase more and more. In death penalty for homicide, large proportion of the money spent prior to and during the trial. There is a little cost in post-conviction of proceedings in death penalty. Even if the cost of post-conviction is being eliminated, the cost of the death penalty for homicide still would be more expensive than other alternative punishments. From the survey on Texas about the cost of the death penalty we can see that the cost of death penalty for homicide is estimated $2.3 million per case with having 300 people on the death row and the homicide rate in this state is one of the highest in the country. The expansion of death penalty shrinking the budget of the sates for police departments, drug treatment programs, education, and other government services that help prevent crime. I n Texas a homicide death penalty costs taxpayers accounting $2.3 million, about three times the cost of imprisoning someone in a cell at the highest level for 40 years. (Ellis, What Politician Dont Say About the High Cost of Death Penalty). In addition, Taxes spent approximately  £183.2 million dollar in just six years on the death penalty for homicide. As US Supreme Court ruled that the jury must be informed in advance if the defendant would be eligible for parole whenever a sentencing jury has the ability to impose death penalty (Capital Punishment, Death penalty data). The use of parole makes the capital punishment very costly. People who support the death penalty to be mandatory for homicide argue that death penalty deter capital crime. They refer that death is the surest way to bring it about the most total prevention from functioning in a normal way and irrevocable. People fear about being punished by sentencing to death before doing any homicide. Because of the death penalty for homicide criminals think before doing anything wrong. (Den Haag, The Death Penalty: A Debate). Again, there is no way to make a wrong decision for the judge which will cause the life of an innocent people. The judge consider everything such as the mode of incident, explanation from the witness and obviously the technology like DNA test, medical inspection of the body which makes the case easier for the authority to identify and sentenced to capital punishment of the guilty. Furthermore, Firstly, Death penalty doesnt deter crime because there are enough potential murderers to replace all those incapacitated. Crime rates are influenced by the other factors not because of the capital punishment. The threat of life in prison deters more than any other term of punishment like death penalty for homicide. Life in prison is unpleasant and horrible than the death penalty and painful to die by the passage of time. It makes the feelings of the prisoner to die than living in such a condition which create mental illness for them. By sentencing to prison make an example for the murderers from where they can realize the harsh punishment. However, criminal who are adamant to do murder cant be controlled or kept quiet whatever the punishment it is. As we can see from the research on Texas, the crime rate grew up by 24% and 46% of violent crime. (C. Dieter, Richard: The Future of Death Penalty in the U.S.: A Texas Sized Crisis). Secondly, the argument named the killing of innocent th at death penalty supporter shows for homicide is not true because there is a great chance of doing something wrong about justification. Human beings are not out of making wrong decision and the judges do too. Again the use of technology in identifying criminals is not available all over. The use of new technology like DNA and other medical instrument which are very expensive and states like developing and poor countries can not afford this type advance technology. In conclusion, we can say that death penalty for homicide is controversial issue all over the world. The use of death penalty may cause the life of innocent people as the use of false testimony, the willful suppression of evidence, and coerced a confession. The use of death penalty for homicide is a very costly one because of the trial which means the cost of pre-conviction proceedings. Death penalty is a violation of fundamental human rights. People have the right to live. A judge cannot decide whether a person should die or not. The creator has created us and will make the decision whether a person should die or not. The prison system should be more about rehabilitation than simply introducing capital punishment or removing the criminal from society. It costs a few dollars per day to have a parole officer check on a parolee than the huge cost of death penalty. And it could be an example for the murderers. I believe that we are human being and we are beyond mistake. Death penalty do esnt deter crime as it is a simple way than making the life imprisonment which makes the life of a criminal terrible in every step. However, we should give a chance to the criminal to correct as forgiving is great virtue. Proper steps should be taken to abolish capital punishment and make the world to be free from cruel and inhuman punishment.

Character Comparisons of Winston vs. Guy in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 Ess

Winston Smith vs. Guy Montag The two protagonists in Fahrenheit 451 and 1984 both started out somewhere, following the rules and doing what they were told, and towards the end of the book you see them change and become completely different people. In 1984, the reader experiences a nightmarish world that Orwell imagines through the eyes of the protagonist, Winston Smith. In Fahrenheit 451, the protagonist, Guy Montag is on a desperate search to find and understand his own life and purpose. These stories are set in the past tense but they both talk about what the future would or could be like. Winston Smith, from the novel 1984, is a low status member of the Party who rules over the nation of Oceania. Winston is never alone, even in his own house. Everywhere he goes the Party is watching him through what they call telescreens. Oceania is run by a leader that is referred to as Big Brother. Winston is struggling with the fact that he doesn’t even have control of his own life, it’s controlled by the Party and Big Brother. When Winston becomes frustrated by the Party and Big Brother he illegally buys a diary in which to write criminal things like, â€Å"Down with Big Brother.† The Thought Police can basically read your mind, so even thinking anything rebellious or illegal will get you in trouble with them. Winston knows that he will soon get caught by the Thought Police for committing a thoughtcrime. He convinces himself that he will be caught no matter what he does, so he continues to rebel. Winston finds the courage to join a secret organization, called the Brotherhood, in order to take down Big Brother. O’Brien, the Brotherhood’s leader, turns Winston in and he goes to jail. There he is questioned by O’Brien and tortured, ... ...s running from his life he meets a group of people called the â€Å"Book People.† They are books lovers who have memorized many books. When enemy jets appear in the sky and they completely obliterate the city, Guy and the Book People move on in search of survivors and to rebuild the city. Montag started as a man with a incomplete life. That life was fulfilled when he discovered literature. In conclusion, Winston Smith and Guy Montag are two men who are distinct in their own ways. Winston really figured out his life while he was in jail. That makes me think, do you need to be somewhere like that in order to get your life back together? Guy Montag found his satisfaction in books. Which I believe is the way to get your life in order. They are similar people for the reason that they both are unsure of their place in the world and who go through a journey to figure it out.

My Philosophy change is a challenge Essay

I. Introduction Man needs philosophy in order to be able to think, act and live accordingly. It is a basic blueprint of a man’s actions from thinking, to interacting with others. The only thing that is constant is change. This saying is indeed true especially in the Philippine Education System. For every change implemented lies challengers on the part of the classroom teachers who portrays varied roles. The rapid changes in the world have made curriculum design even more difficult. to be globally competitive II. Aims of my Philosophy chosen There is a need to revise the curriculum from time to time for us to suit the needs of time. We should go on with the flow of life and we should revise it now because curriculum in the past is not anymore very effective or suited for today’s generation As pro active individual I consider Change as a challenge and not a threat. Meeting new challenges require the opportunity to take risks and try new ideas. As a learning individual change is inevitable to meet the needs of society. In a fast changing society education is one way to connect oneself to the past and to project into the future and therefore aims in Philosophy should be considered. III. Role of Philosophy chosen to Education Education and philosophy are closely tied together; both are associated with teaching, learning, and discovering. Philosophy is more of an all-encompassing part of life, though; education is a more specific form of it. Due to the contributions of philosophers over the centuries, education has developed into the powerful tool that it is today. Without philosophy, education would essentially not exist. That said importance of philosophy in education is in fact the foundation in which all academic teaching and intellectual learning is built off. IV. Role of Philosophy to the content development 1. It guides everyone to plan collaboratively for school change to meet the learner’s diverse needs 2. It serves as a vehicle to open new ideas for positive outcomes 3 It strengthens the goals on meeting challenges for a fully functional learner. Language is dynamic as well as the curriculum. We have different curriculum in the past and in the present. We are now in a globally competitive world. A world that also needs competitive teachers and students. So, how will you become competitive if your curriculum is traditional? And is not aware of the new trends of teaching today? Students now are fond of using computers. They will probably choose going to the computer shop than going to school. As a teacher, what will you do? Don’t be a boring teacher! An effective way of solving this kind of phenomena is that the teachers must use technology in teaching. Make it as your partner in delivering a lesson so that the students will not get bored. Make a teaching-learning process lively and meaningful. Teaching and learning give life and meaning to the curriculum because this is the process wherein the teacher and the students interact with each other interchangeably or vice versa. If there is an effective teaching-learning process, it’s really a big help to the curriculum. It’s a big honor because each complements and supplements each other. The value placed in teaching will reap the same value in learning. Thus, a good curriculum can be judged by the kind if teaching and the quality of learning derived from it. The most important thing to keep in mind about strategic content development is that it’s truly an improvisational process. The reason why you want to identify as many viable options for potentially remarkable content is simple: You’ll almost certainly need to make adjustments on the process, and it’s easier to do that when you’ve already identified alternatives. So, the final aspect of strategic content development is to constantly evaluate what happened along the way, and why. The most valuable lessons are often found in the things that didn’t work, so treat it all as a learning experience that keeps your content constantly fresh and worth talking about. V. Significant effect of this curriculum development to the current trends in attaining universal truth in Educational Process In 2012 Deped’s K 12 Program goes full blast. Brother Armin Luistro has described the implementation of the universal primary or pre-school education in the Philippines as the â€Å"defining moment† in the administration of President Aquino as it seeks to implement reforms with deep impact on the welfare of Filipino children and the youth. DepEd’s enhanced curriculum aims to meet the overall objective of preparing children for productive work, either as employees or entrepreneurs, while maintaining its current academic thrust It seems that the President is rushing this program before his term ends. If this program is not implemented well, we might not achieve our real objectives. And all we have done is to disrupt the whole system. Changing programs and implementing new ones is not cheap. Will the next President change the system again? In a survey conducted by SWS from Aug. 24 to 27 last year showed growing acceptability of the key features of the K-12 program compared to survey results in March 2012. About 72 percent of Filipino adults believe that K-12 will give students more sufficient knowledge and preparation for work and college compared to those who finished 10 years of basic education, garnering a net rating of +48, up from +35 last March. The percentage of Filipinos who believe that more students will be encouraged to finish the two-year SHS because it is equivalent to two years of college hit 69 percent, or a 10- point increase from 59 percent in March. The results showed that 68 percent of Filipinos with a net rating of +39 believe that more students will finish SHS even with the additional cost and number of years because K-12 graduate will be better prepared for work, higher education, and business. The results of the survey did’nt even reach 75% which means some are not amenable to the new program. Although the selling point of K to 12 is the assurance that graduates of Senior High School will be able to work immediately, even before or without seeking a college degree Under certain circumstances, it is possible to revise only the high school curriculum. Even in this case, we have to wait until those already in First Year have finished Fourth Year (under the present system). After drawing up a curriculum on paper (including such things as expected competencies, prerequisites, qualifications, learning areas, scope, coverage, and outcomes), curriculum designers have to think about the textbooks and other instructional materials that will have to be created for the new or revised subjects. Although teacher training is a separate process, curriculum designers also have to give pointers on how teachers should be trained to handle the subjects. There also has to be some way to determine if and when the curriculum needs to be revised; this is called program assessment or evaluation. Because of abrupt implementation teachers are really having a hard time coping with the changes not to mention the lack of classrooms, instructional materials and the real physical situation of the learners. If the government can financially sustain the program without adding too much burden on parents, it’s worth giving it a try. However, nowadays, most of the students are the happy-go-lucky types who do not regard education as their priority. They’d rather bum around in malls or stay glued to computers. As a result, most graduates are half-baked, who can’t even write or speak good English, unlike the students of yesteryears. Before, a Grade 6 pupils then could already teach. An additional two years to the basic education curriculum could spell two more years of burden to poor parents who could hardly send their children to school. Before full implementation, there usually is a year-long pilot to debug the curriculum, as well as a longer transition period within which some students will be following the old curriculum and some following the new. Curriculum should not only focus on the tools necessary to develop reasoned and logical construction of new knowledge in our various fields of study, but also should aggressively cultivate a culture that nurtures creativity in all of our learners. This point seems particularly important.

Writing: Life Expectancy and Ancient Egyptians Life

King Tutu became king at age 9 and led his empire from 1333 to 1322 BC. Considering this, the young king had little time to train or plan for his leadership. Instead, he moved directly from childhood to adult responsibilities. Like other Ancient Egyptians, King Tutu married at a young age. Whereas the modern day search for a marriage partner may take decades. The ancient Egyptians had no such leisure to make prolonged marriage decisions. King Tutu and his wife had two children who died as babies. While such deaths would lead o shock and immeasurable grief today, they were common then.So, parents could not count on watching their children grow up. Unlike modern humans, few Egyptians would have ever dreamed of holding their grandchildren in their arms, though some city-dwellers may have achieved this goal, as they had a lower mortality rate compared to village residents. Other causes of a shorter life expectancy included tuberculosis, polio, and malnutrition. Diseases occasionally brok e out, causing utter devastation. Many of these diseases were fatal, and unlike today, few could be cured r even treated.Still, today's scholars dispute King Tutu died at an age that was considered young even then: 19. King Tutu possibly died from an infection that, even If It had been vigorously treated, would have required antibiotics not yet In existence. Ultimately, his doctors' techniques were limited because they lived before modern medicine. Since the time of the ancient Egyptians, humankind has made great strides prolonging life expectancy. In fact, by ancient Egyptian standards, modern longevity is truly awesome. The Egyptians would be shocked to know that, these days, mom people even discuss immortality as a future possibility.He continued his search for years, ultimately coming very close to Warm Mineral spring. Still popular today, the spring thousands of years. It is possible that Leon never whether the spring was the fountain he was seeking, because he (use) for (learn ) (lose) his life in battle there. People from many cultures and of years. Most recently, the well-known American magician, David Copperfield, claimed that he had discovered the true fountain amid islands in the Bahamas. Copperfield (report) that when dying bugs are out in contact with the water, they will fly again.Copperfield purchased the island group, and since then, scientists (conduct) experiments of the waters to determine their restorative powers. The island group visitors for the past several years. (close) to 5. Write a description of your current life, imagining that your life expectancy is only 30. * Write an interesting introduction. * Describe your imaginary life using sensory details of smell, sight, sound, taste, and touch. * Include figures of speech in your description * Include a clear conclusion. * Use the vocabulary and grammar from Unit 1

What is the role of hedge funds in the financial market

There has been rapid growth in the number of edge funds and their assets under management, suggesting they provide economic value to investors that is not available in other investment instruments. Their main aim is to reduce risk and volatility whilst attempting to preserve capital and deliver positive returns under all market conditions. They used a range of aggressive methods to invest in a wide array of assets to generate returns which have a very low correlation with traditional asset classes, creating a diversifying effect on a portfolio.This means they get a constant level of return, regardless of what the market does. Hedge funds tend to be illiquid as investors are limited in terms of when and how much money they are able to take out, therefore they are long term propositions. Originally, hedge funds were not subject to the public disclosure or regulatory reporting requirements that apply to other financial institutions, thus they had little or no regulatory oversight. But s ince the financial crisis, more regulations have been introduced, such as reporting under AIFMD; The Alternative Investment Funds Managers Directive.Also, from February 2014, they will have to report under Emir. Policy director in the BBA's Capital Market and Infrastructure division, Andrew Rogan, recently said â€Å"If [funds] don't comply with Emir, there are real consequences to how a business can use derivatives to protect itself from risk†¦ and you may even be shut out of the market completely. † The purpose of regulation is to protect investors. Although an element of secrecy between funds is kept in order to keep investment strategies to themselves, they can't do whatever they like with other peoples' money, so regulation had to be introduced.Markets function best when investors use ifferent information and strategies to manage, or hedge against, risk. Private investment companies provide valuable liquidity to financial markets in normal market conditions. In â₠¬Å"Hands Off Hedge Funds†, Sebastian Mallaby states that â€Å"by buying irrationally cheap assets and selling irrationally expensive ones, they shift market prices until the irrationalities disappear, thus ultimately facilitating the efficient allocation of the world's capital. † (Mallaby, 2007). Consequently, hedge funds can be less volatile than individual stocks or mutual funds.With the freedom to nvest wherever the managers believe they can perform better than the market, hedge funds broaden the use of investment strategies, increasing the number of investors, and enlarging the capital pools available and strengthening capital markets. Through flexibility, they are able to trade different securities in several markets at once, so opportunities for returns are maximised, improving risk management and encouraging innovation ot strategies, as well as financial products and services.There is also a competitive advantage as hedge funds attract human nd financial capital , contributing to a stronger economy. They can act as an incentive for businesses and individuals to invest because they offer the chance for money to be invested in a range of products, free from fraud and over-regulation, and increases in investment can influence economic growth and stability. Hedge funds also improve the efficiency of capital markets by helping to price securities more accurately. This minimizes market distortions, which in turn leads to better allocation of capital, financing growth, innovation and Job creation.Short selling, for example, may be a technique used by hedge funds and is sometimes seen as playing an essential part of the price discovery mechanism. Some researchers believe short interest is an indicator of poor stock performance, and that short sellers exploit market mistakes. Hedge funds have many different benefits such as diversification, flexibility and liquidity, but to the larger financial system they can provide innovation, reduction of mispri cing, gains in both growth and employment, and the provision of capital for technological and economic development.

What would be the effects of banning the use of plastic bags Essay

What would be the effects of banning the use of plastic bags - Essay Example However, because many plastic bags are discarded causally, plastic bags also bring us side effects. Take China as an example, In China, it is an interesting and â€Å"colorful landscapes† to see several of plastic bags flying in the sky when the strong wind passes. Not only in China also the many places we can see the plastic bags are discarded in street, lake and ocean. This is due to some people throwaway plastic bags casually. What is the important, this cause the â€Å"white pollution† to environment, which is harmful to human because plastic bags cannot vanish by natural decomposition. At this stage, the main processing methods are incineration and  landfill. Nevertheless, the burning will produce toxic fumes, a lot of air pollution and acid rain. As for landfill, it is buried 100 years and still intact. It cannot be naturally absorbed and has a great harm on the land. Although the plastic bags are ubiquitous and convenient, in contemporary society the â€Å"whi te pollution† is becoming a more and more serious environment issue. Some people say that government should ban the use of the plastic but some people argue that it is unnecessary to ban it. Without the authorized conclusion now, this tough issue should continue to be analyzed to determine how excessive use and careless disposal of plastic bags affects society. Jerry Jonson discusses the myriad environmental issues that result from poor plastic disposal technique such as the fact that it fills numerous landfills and when it is disposed by incineration, adds volumes of toxins in the air (Jonson). Plastic bags portend a serious environmental threat in the long term and if they are not controlled they will continue to endanger the environment and by extension society. In his discussion of Lynn offers several facts about, he offers numerous statistics about plastic that bring out the enormity of the situation. Apparently, over 50 percent of the plastic used in the US is simply thrown away to contribute

Competition and business risk Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Competition and business risk - Essay Example Being a multinational company, Company H has eight other competitors in the market considering the fact that its market spreads across four economic zones of North America, Africa, Europe, Latin America, as well as Asia Pacific. Over the fourteen years, I had the biggest challenge and responsibility of making strategic decisions each year to enhance sustained profitability in addition to expanding the company niche in the market. Among other areas where strategic decisions were necessary included branded production and distribution decisions, corporate social responsibility, plant capacity, sales forecasts, marketing and other promotional activity decisions, private label operations, endorsement of celebrities, and most importantly, financial decisions (Goldratt, 1997, p. 63). At the end of each year over the fourteen years, four features served as the yardstick applied by the board to evaluate my performance. They included Earnings per share, credit rating, return on equity, and image rating. To me, it was clear that the operational performance of the company directly influenced these four significant performance measures. Therefore, it was my responsibility to oversee effective running of all operational activities within company H. Assessment of the PESTEL gives insights of company H currently, a position achieved under my guidance. This analysis will allow proper understanding of various factors within the macro environment that influence daily operations of the company. The relevance of evaluating PESTEL is that it brings forth a bigger picture of the environment within which Company H operates as well as opportunities and threats occurring within the same macro environment. Knowledge of the external environment within which the company runs business helps the management on behalf of the company take advantage of opportunities availing themselves and cut down threats posed by external factors. I understood clearly the five force

Task 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Task 2 - Essay Example number of customers as at January 2013 and subtracting the number of customers as at January 2012, in order to find the customer gain in the time period of 2012-2013 ( Anon, 2006) Churn Rate† This metric is given as a ratio between the number of customers a business losses over a specified period, over the number of customers that were there at the beginning of the start period. In short form, Gburn= Gt/Cat. Where; In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the churn rate can be used appropriately in business marketing analytics in order to find a figure that can depict how the business is performing in regard its customer value over a given time. Retention Rate: This is defined as the ratio of the number of active customers at the end of the period to the number of clients at the start of the period time. In shortened form, it can be written as: Retention Rate = Ca/Cat   where, In relation to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company, the ratio would show how active the company’s customers have grown or reduced from the start of the period to its end. For instance, the ratio could be calculated by finding the number of active customers as at July 2013 and then dividing it by the number of active customers as at July 2012, in order to find the retention rate for the time period from July 2013- July 2014. As outlined above, this metric is used to find the number of customers that an organization gains within a certain period. There are various reasons that can make the number of customers for a given organization to either increase or decrease. These factors vary from customer experience, quality of products an organization offers, the additional benefits a particular group gives its customers and so forth. This metric can be analyzed in regard to the Alnahdi group – Mize Company in order to calculate the increment of the number of customers that can be associated with any of the above-mentioned factors (Carter, 2011). Taking an example, in the month

Ethical Issues in Accountancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Ethical Issues in Accountancy - Essay Example The growth of corporate visibility and influence has led to their owning ethical and moral responsibility for their products and actions and consequences thereof on society and individuals. Corporations have been accused of accounting fraud, insider trading, executive over-pay, declining pension funds or in general of corporate 'greed' and 'irresponsibility'. The 1998 OECD guidelines for multinationals lay down responsibility towards human rights, the environment and elimination of child and forced labour. OECD code 2000 is 'the reflection in management practice of various legal, regulatory and social pressures that motivate the company to prevent abuses of market power and to redress other sorts of market failure' (OECD, 2001) Business is faced with a challenge to improve creation of wealth for its shareholders and at the same time to meet requirements of the changed perceptions of social and ethical responsibilities, which in the short-run perspective, might not be compatible. However, with the change in stockholder awareness and scepticism, the company is also being tasked to meet its social and ethical obligations. A specific instance is the negative impact of a company's product on the community and how far is the responsibility to be laid at the doors of management when the cause of the impact might have been due to a product marketed decades back and especially when scientific awareness of the negative impact was not known. ... d examine the different issues involved in the above circumstances, especially in light of the behaviour of James Hardie Industries who were involved in a case based on the negative affect of the use of asbestos in its products, and how these impact the ethical issues in accountancy. Literature Survey Literature survey in this research is targeted at the impact of new requirements of ethics and social responsibility accounting on the basic principles of accountancy and audit functions as well as the literature available on the John Hardie Industries case. These are given as Sections I and II respectively below: Section I Changing expectations and skepticism of the stakeholder, places pressure on companies to accept moral responsibility for the negative impact of their products on the community even though the claims may arise from operations many decades ago. Society is increasingly suspicious about the moves by corporations to avoid their responsibilities, which eventually leads them to bowing to pressure from a society skeptical of their protests of innocence and pretence of compassion for those who have suffered from their activities. The question therefore arises as to how far management is responsible for the negative impact of their products on the consumer and society. "Having a corporate conscience means that a company takes responsibility for its actions just as any conscientious individual would be expected to do. In corporate terms, this means that a company is accountable to the public for its behaviour not only in the complex organisational environment but in the natural physical environment as well. A company is thus responsible for its products and for its effects on the public". (Guerrette, 1986, p 410) It is thus essential that companies disclose

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s Research Paper

The Counter Culture and Social Revolution of the 1960s - Research Paper Example Prominent people in the 60s had launched the great changes that people enjoy today. That decade served as the basis for further changes and advancement that contributed to the progress of people globally. The whole decade of 1960s had significant events that led to a less rigid and limiting social system in the next decades. The fight for changes occurs around the world and some of those efforts were done violently and with confusion. The reaction of the people of that decade was filled with anger as they expressed their insights on the stiff societal system. Farrell then stated that the 1960s can stand out among other decades as it staged the rebellion of people especially the youth from the rigid 1950s. He also said that the root of that rebellion was the progressive modernism that started before the emergence of World War (16). The fight against the rigid social system did not only take place physically but also intellectually as literature had been used as an avenue for opening t he eyes of the public about the issues being faced by the society in that time (Cart 21). Cart also added that popular writers of 1960s detailed the events that made people take action as they fight for their complicated desires and motives (21). Those motives drove people as they did not give up for the fight they had. Hammond took notice of the critical thinkers that came out also in that decade as they thought of ways on how to prevent themselves from having too much of everything (175). She also added that balance had been sought in the pursuit of knowing the identity of own selves (Hammond 175). Despite of the pursuit for balance and self-identity, rigid rejection occurred against the dictated standards set forth by the older generation (Rielly 21). The 1960s also prevented the prevalent status quo to influence them by using rage that might have led to violence. People were unashamed and fearless as they brought out the sensitive topics that were once considered taboos. On top of that, the strength shown by those people came from the earlier fights against discrimination and conventional social system that were recorded in history (Bell 120). It can be rooted from the 1895 and 1914 modernist revolutions (Riley 58). Artistic revolution then occurred in that period as visual artists, musicians, poets and novelists went out of the traditional rules of making their own genre as they explore freely with their own form of art (Rielly 127). The self-image was also a prominent ideology in the 1960s as new point-of-views came out in the process as Roger Shattuck identified the ideology and process through his work called The Banquet Years as traditions discriminated people and how those people coped up with their situation (Bell 121). That decade focused on the welfare of the commoners like the youth and oppressed as they fought for their rights within the strict norms of the society. The paper would focus on the cultural changes and social revolutions of the 1960 s especially the massive efforts and resistance that people had done in that decade. After all, the people of the latter decades and generations owe the freedom being enjoyed to the people behind the events in the 60s that influenced the adjustments upon the social system. The 1960s was also named as the Swinging Sixties as many ups and downs took place in that decade that created many innovations and long-lasting effects to the lives of people worldwide (Palmer 179). The awareness in the global arena came to existence in the same decade as the younger generation did not conform to the beliefs and customs created by the older generations (Curran and Seaton 185). The whole decade then had produced the technological advancement that catered the needs

Health Promotion Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Health Promotion Study Guide Essay Illness is an event that manifests itself through observable/felt changes in the body. Illness is the state in which the physical, emotional, social, intellectual or spiritual functioning is diminished or impaired compared with previous experience. It is NOT synonymous with disease and may or may not be related to disease. Illness is highly subjective. Wellness is the state of being healthy in both body and mind as the result of deliberate effort. Wellness is the state of well-being. It is an approach to healthcare that emphasizes preventing illness and prolonging life as opposed to emphasizing treating diseases. Anspaugh et al propose 7 components of wellness: 1) Physical 2) Social 3) Emotional 4) Intellectual 5) Spiritual 6) Occupational and 7) Environmental. Well-being/Wellness is a subjective perception of vitality and feeling well which can be described objectively, experienced, and measured and can be plotted on a continuum. Dunn’s concept of high level wellness theorizes that wellness is the degree of illness/health modified by the environment. It says that it is an integrated method of functioning that is oriented towards maximizing the potential of which the person is capable. It requires that the individual maintain a continuum of balance and purposeful direction within the environment where he is functioning. The patient’s perception of health, wellness and illness must be considered by the nurse in order to provide individualized, quality care. Lifestyle factors that influence health: (PP Health Promotion and Disease Prevention) Internal and external factors influence health status. Internal factors include Age, Genetics, Physiologic, Lifestyle, Health habits (smoking, drugs, alcohol, eating habits, exercise and stress). External factors include: Environment (radiation, air pollution, H20 and sun exposure), Safety (seatbelts, riding on motorcycle), and Standard of living (less educated the poorer the health). How to take a patient’s temperature using different routes: (Lab Kozier PP. 532-537) There are a number of body sites for measuring body temperature. The most common are oral, rectal, axillary, tympanic and temporal artery. Normal adult temperature is 37 degree C and 98. 6 degree F. In older adults ( gt; 70), temp is usually 36 degrees C or 96. 8 degrees F. Newborns- 1 yr old are usually 98. 2 degree F and 36. 8 degree C. Oral: Most common route. Place thermometer underneath the tongue on either side of the frenulum. Do NOT take in someone with mouth lesions or if patient has had oral surgery. Be sure to ask if patient has had anything cold/hot to drink in last 30 minutes. Rectal: Most accurate route. Place Pt. in lateral or Sim’s position. Apply gloves and instruct patient to take a slow deep breath during insertion. Insert 1. 5 inches in adults. Do NOT take in Pt that has had rectal surgery, has lower GI problems, is immuno-suppressed, has a clotting disorder or Pt that has hemorrhoids. In some agencies taking rectal temps is contraindicated in patients who have had an MI. It is believed that this can stimulate the Vagus nerve which can cause myocardial damage. Tympanic: Temps measured in this site are usually 1. 1-1. 5 degrees higher than oral. These are non invasive and quick. To measure temp, pull pinna slightly upward and back( adults) and point the probe slightly anteriorly, toward eardrum. Insert the probe slowly using a circular motion until snug. Axillary: The least accurate route but safest route. Dry arm pit if moist. Place thermometer bulb in center of axilla. In order to obtain a more accurate reading it must be left in place for a long time. Temporal Artery: Safe, noninvasive and very fast. Equipment slightly more expensive, as it is a scanning infrared thermometer. The probe is placed in the middle of the forehead then drawn laterally to the hairline. If Pt has perspiration on forehead the probe is also touched behind earlobe. Levels of preventive health care: Three levels of preventative care are: Primary focuses on health promotion and protection against specific health problems or health risks. Primary prevention precedes disease or dysfunction and is applied to generally healthy individuals or groups. Examples include: Immunizations; risk assessments for specific disease i. e. iabetes; health education about injury and poisoning prevention. Secondary- focuses on early identification of health problems and prompt intervention to alleviate health problems. Goal is to identify people in early stages of disease process and to limit future disability. It is curative in nature. It emphasizes health maintenance for people with health problems (i. e. someone with diabetes who has it under control). This level includes prevention of complications and disabilities. Examples include: Encouraging regular medical/ dental checkups; Teaching self exam of breast; screening surveys hypertension). Tertiary- focuses on restoration and rehabilitation with the goal of returning the person to optimal level of functioning, within the constraints of the disability. This level of prevention occurs after an illness, when a defect is stabilized or fixed and determined to be irreversible. Examples include: caring for someone with a chronic disease; referring patient with colostomy to support group; teaching patient with diabetes to identify and prevent complications ( heart disease); referring patient with spinal cord injury to a rehab to receive training to maximize his remaining abilities. Understand who the older adult is and physiological/psychological changes: Successful psychological aging is reflected in the older person’s ability to adapt to physical, social, and emotional losses and to achieve contentment, serenity, and life considerations. The older adult continues to learn and problems solve and intelligence and personality remain as they have always been. A person’s social ability does not change during the course of their life: if you were a young extrovert/introvert you will be an old extrovert/introvert. Wisdom increases as we age. As a person becomes older they go through physiological and psychosocial changes. Some physical changes are visible and some are not. In general lean body mass decreases, fat tissue increases, and bone mass decreases. Intracellular fluid decreases which can cause dehydration. Skin becomes drier and less elastic and they become more susceptible to skin tears. Bony prominences may become visible. There is a loss of overall stature and osteoporosis can occur in people who have insufficient intake of calcium and in women who have been through menopause. There is a steady decrease in muscle fibers. Reaction time slows. There is loss of visual acuity and progressive loss of hearing and reduced elasticity and increased rigidity of arteries and an increase in blood pressure. Orthostatic hypotension is common. GI changes include increase in indigestion and constipation. There is increase in frequency and urgency of urination and incontinence in many older adults. Decreased immune response and lowered resistance to infection is normal. Many older people have decreased thyroid function and increased insulin resistance. Respiratory efficiency is reduced with age. Older adults may experience many health problems including physical injuries and chronic disabling disease, and dementia. Psychologically people have much to adapt to as they become older. Some of these things are 1) Retirement – this is often a difficult time of adjustment for people. Many have a sense of self worth from working and lose a sense of identity when they stop working. Income decreases sometimes by 35% during this time. 2) Economic Change- Decrease in finances related to retirement and lack of pension plans/savings. Health care costs skyrocket because of increase in illnesses. This decrease in monetary resources can cause older people to become less independent. This causes them to lose self esteem and become depressed. 3) Grand-parenting: At this time in life older people become grandparents and are able to provide support to younger family members in a number of ways. 4) Relocating- many people move closer to their children for general support and supervision. This is a very big stressor. Older adults can either live with their children; live in assisted living, live at home with adult day care, live in a long term care facility or in private group homes. ) Maintaining Independence and Self Esteem- This is a big one. Elders thrive on independence and it is important for them to be able to maintain their self esteem. The more they can do for themselves the better. 5) Facing Death and Grieving as people age the chance of their spouse dying increases. Friends and family members die and this is a period of adjustment and grieving. The older person has feeli ngs of loss, emptiness and loneliness during this time. According to Erickson the developmental task at this time is ego vs. despair. People who attain ego integrity view life with a sense of wholeness and derive satisfaction from past accomplishments. This is the time of life where many older people start focusing on their faith and spirituality. Most people start an internal life review and seriously start thinking about their own imminent death. Caregiver Role Strain†¦what is it? What nursing interventions would the nurse provide? (P. 137) Caregiver role strain is when they have physical, emotional, social, and financial burdens that can seriously jeopardize their own health and well-being. Nursing intervention would be to encourage caregivers to express their feelings and at the same time convey understanding about the difficulties associated with caregiving and acknowledge the caregivers competence. Through conversation with the caregiver assess areas where assistance may be desired or need. Identify possible source of help. Like volunteer (family, neighbor, friends, church, caregiver support groups) or agency sources (home health aide, meals on wheels, day care, transportation, and counseling and social services. Remind the caregiver of the importance of caring for themselves. Know about these nursing diagnoses: Coping Ineffective, Fear, Anxiety (PP. 1069-1070) NANDA diagnostic labels related to stress, adaptation, and coping: Anxiety: Vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by an automatic response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual); a feeling of apprehension caused by the anticipation of danger. It is an alerting signal that warns of impending danger and enables the individual to take measures to deal with a threat. Fear: response to perceived threat is consciously recognized as a danger. Ineffective Coping: Inability to from a valid appraisal of the stressors, inadequate choices of practiced responses, and/or inability to use resources. Terms associated with assessment of pulse (CHP 29, PP. 538-540) Assessment of pulse: Terms Locations: Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, pedal (dorsalis pedis) Pulse: wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. Cardiac output: volume of blood pumped into the arteries by the heart and equals Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart Rate (HR) per minute. Compliance: ability of the arteries to expand Peripheral pulse: pulse located away from the heart Apical Pulse: central pulse; apex of the heart (PMI) point of maximal impulse Palpation: feeling Auscultation: hearing DUS: Doppler ultrasound stethoscope Tachycardia: excessively fast heart rate ( over 100 BPM in an adult). Bradychardia: A heart rate less than 60 BPM in an adult. Pulse rhythm: pattern of the beats and the intervals between beats. Dysrhythmia/arrythmia: irregular rhythm. Pulse volume: pulse strength or amplitude, refers to the force of the blood with each beat. Elasticity of the arterial wall: reflects its expansibility or its deformities. Perfusion: blood flow to a particular area of the body Understand different tools for therapeutic communication: (P. 469-470 box 26-2) Broad opening statement General leads Reflecting/paraphrasing Sharing observations Acknowledging feelings Silence Giving information Clarifying Implied verbal communication Summarizing Focusing (from power point #18 in communication) further information can be found on pg. 469 and 470 box 26-2 Different domains of learning: cognitive, affective, psychomotor: (P. 89) Cognitive domain the â€Å"thinking† domain, includes six intellectual abilities and thinking processes beginning with knowing, comprehending, and applying to analysis, synthesis, and evaluation. Affective domain the â€Å"feeling† domain is divided into categories that specify the degree of a â€Å"person’s depth of emotional response to tasks†. Psychomotor domain the â€Å"skil l† domain, includes motor skills such as giving an injection. Know normal vital signs for the adult and older adult. Average range for adults: (P. 529) 96. 8-100. 4. Older adults (gt;75) are at risk for hypothermia ( temperatures