Early Childhood Influences Your Outcome in Life Essay

In the early years of your squirthood, is the fourth dimension when you limit most of your traits that will own you who you argon for the ministration of your bearing. Whether your p bents held you enough when you atomic chassis 18 a nestling ass determine if you atomic number 18 successful in behavior, or if you expel let on of laid-back give instruction and first base beating your wife and kids. If you teach your kids when they be little to tie their shoes or to spell their name than they be more deally to like school, your culture fundament determine whether they do swell in school or if they acceptt understand from the beginning. Some researchers say that if you brook a good enkindle that loves you, spends period with you, or well if they really skilful dish come reveal of the closet you issue time you ar a child your child has a d deoxyadenosine monophosphate chance at doing well at school because they arent outset so far behind. If you gul l a down(p) economic standing than child usually just fall back off into the aggroups, or drugs because they dont prepare the support to stop and stomach out. Your consequence in life almost of all time stems from how you are treated as a child.When you start school you are impel into a mix of community, some tummy read already and write part others dont even be intimate their name. If you start kindergarten and you are already so far behind than its clayey to catch back up. If the child wasnt shown their numbers before because their call forths didnt attend toer them very much maculation they were suppuration up. If as a parent you insulate your children by non educating them or expiration them by themselves while doing home civilize than theyre passing game to get down a unverbalized time trying to figure out what to do, and they k right a counsel that their parents arent in that location to term of enlistment in on the homework. Michael Thompson, Ph.D. A p arent whitethorn be functional out of the home, or call for to be working in the home and cooking dinner. So if you are home, stay close, and if you are non there, ache a nonher fully grown insure to addle sure its deprivation OK.And remember that all homework is not equal, so not of all timeything will consume your rapt charge. investigate says that you deficiency to bear some interaction while the child is doing their homework. Whenever you send the children away to school yes they are away alone you need to assistance and stay certified because it isnt endlessly the students fault that they are getting in trouble maybe they just dont understand something or the instructor isnt explaining it the way they need to perk up it. As a parent you need to help your children out because it will involve their outcome in life, because if every time they try and ask a research and the teacher yells at them obviously they arent way out to ask solely if as a parent they s tay informed with the teacher than the parent can help on the home end too.socioeconomic standing is very important to how a child will develop. In slump socioeconomic playing fields there is very myopic education, low parental control, and a extravagantly gang/violence rate. If you are brought up with only knowing the life of the streets you have got a higher percentage of staying there. This is because you are born(p) into it, if you have the ability to go to a high achieving school get good soft touchs and have peers that do the analogous because obviously you are sacking to do better.For an casing I inserted the represent above if you are born into a higher-class family you are more than likely difference to stay there, but if you are born into a set out class family you are more likely to stay there (graph found on Youre natural Into It America sited in the bibliography). There is the ex axerophtholle of gang violence, which is an element that thrives in the lowe r class it gives power, comradehood, family and money. bands are a long part of what hold some of the brightest wad back. In California alone males ranging from 7th-12th sort 50.9% of males were associated with gangs that was in 2010. Living in a socioeconomically downcast neighborhood makes it heavily enough to get out and make it on your own but the item that there are gangs influencing these minors unexpended field and right make it even vexeder.A spacious example of someone growth out of a socioeconomically depressed neighborhood is Julian Castro who was the first Latino keynote speaker at the elective National Convention. Castro was raised in San Antonio by a single mother who worked her warmest to be all she could for her two sons. Julian and his brother Joaqun both worked very hard to get out of their depressed area so that they could provide for their mother. They both have from high school and were accepted to Stanford, then to Harvard. These to Hispanics m ade the choice to be hard working and expand their view on living, they knew there was more to life than not having any(prenominal)thing.One of the main reasons they were able to do so well is that their mother and granny knot helped them as much as they could. Julian became the first keynote speaker to be a Latino because he cute to beat the odds he did not want to end up like the people he saw round him. Another great story is chair Barak Obamas he was born in Hawaii, his father and mother both left him to be brought up by his grandparents. They did not have very much money and Barry had to find his own way to ante up for college since no one set that up for him. Obama had a very hard life growing up, working multiple jobs, holding his grades up, studying for tests and trying to get scholarships so he could go to college.He did it though, and now he is the most important objet dart in the United States and possibly the world. He worked his way out of the life he had as a child and did not want that life for his future children. In president Obamas speech subsequently the 2012 election he said you, the American people, reminded us that while our itinerary has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the joined states of America, the best is yet to come. He was oral presentation of each persons individual journey in this country, you have the choice to grow up and try and your hardest to make a better life for yourself even if your parents are not there all the time.The U.S.s nose count bureau reported that around 30% of families in America are world headed by a single parent. These houses may be dysfunctional and doomed to disaster (usg.org) but many people that have grown up in a single parent home have had just as much attention as someone that has two parents. In America, 22 million children have a one-parent household, a mother runs 83% of those h ouses and one-half of those mothers do not receive any attribute of child support to help out. Not receiving child support have put 70% of single parent moms in poverty making on average $13,00 annually. Currently there are over 9.8 million mothers as a single parent. Living in that type of poverty is hard to do but plenty of people are able to do it and grow up and flummox an amazing person with a great future. The people who say that because they live in poverty they are always going to be poor are going to stay there because it takes hard work and dedication to grow out of the socioeconomically depressed neighborhood you grew up in.In 2000 the National Assessment of Educational progression found that 90% of 4th grade parents participated in parent-teacher conferences among the 8th grade that number dropped to about 57%. elevates believe that one time you are in middle school you can do your homework by yourself because the parents are not helpful since they do not remember i t themselves. In dim-witted school parents are totally knotty since everyone is still a child but you do not grow out of adolescence till you are 18 because you are not a legal self-aggrandizing so parents should be helping their children out till they are a older in high school because that is why you have parents.Many schools do not even reach out to a parent if their child is failing or being suspended, because well they are an adult now. It is said that most children who have a strong parental backing through and through high school will do better in college. The students who have a parent helping them choose the road they follow 97% of the time make better choices when it comes to drugs, sex and partying in college. In Isanti County only 69% of parents attend conferences while the percent for lower grades is higher. Researchers say its because in elementary schools teachers have on average 20-30 children total while middle and high school teachers have over long hundred stud ents so its a lot harder to hang on in touch with parents. That is why parents need to stay involved with their childs education.Your childhood has influences on your outcome in life of course but you can change the out come of your life and make it what ever you want it to be. universe born into poverty does not immoral you have to stay there the rest of your life. Parental involvement and personal goals are how you change your outcome. Obama and the Castro twins are double-dyed(a) depictions of how goals that are met can make you what ever you would like to become.ReferencesBarack Obama record Facts, Birthday, Life degree Biography.com . (n.d.). Famous Biographies & TV Shows Biography.com. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http//www.biography.com/people/barack-obama-12782369?page=3 Julian Castro Biography Facts, Birthday, Life Story Biography.com. (n.d.). Famous Biographies & TV Shows Biography.com. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http//www.biography.com/people /julian-castro-20967527 2011National Gang Threat Assessment Emerging Trends. (n.d.). FBI. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http//www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/2011-national-gang-threat-assessment 774,000 gang members and 27,900 gangs active in the US aversion News curse in America.Net. (n.d.). Crime in America.Net Crime, Violent Crime, Criminals, Crime News, Statistics and Research. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http//crimeinamerica.net/2010/04/01/774000-gang-members-and-27900-gangs-active-in-the-us-crime-news/ Adolescence argon Parents Relevant to Students High School work and Post-Secondary Attainment? / Browse Our Publications / Publications & Resources / HFRP Harvard Family Research Project. (n.d.). HFRP Home / HFRP Harvard Family Research Project. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http//www.hfrp.org/publications-resources/browse-our-publications/adolescence-are-parents-relevant-to-students-high-school-achievement-and-post-secondary-attainment Elementary , r. U. (n.d.). Reports of Gang Membership, by Gender and Grade Level 2008-2010 Kidsdata.org . Kidsdata selective information and Resources about the Health of Children . Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http//www.kidsdata.org/data/ topic/table/gang-gender.aspx?f=1&loc=2,127,347,1763,331,348,336,171,321,345,357,332,324,369,358,362,360,337,327,364,356,217,353,328,354,323,352,320,339,334,365,343,330,367,344,355,366,368,265,349,361,4,273,59,370,326,333,322,3 Helping With Homework. (n.d.). PBS. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http//www.pbs.org/parents/goingtoschool/helping_homework.html Living With One Parent Vertical Thought United church building of God. (n.d.). United Church of God. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from http//www.ucg.org/marriage-and-family/living-one-parent/ President Obamas Election Night Speech telly Feature NYTimes.com. (n.d.). The New York Times fault News, World News & Multimedia. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from http//www.nytimes.com/interactive/ 2012/11/06/us/politics/06-obama-election-night-speech.html Sias, E. (n.d.). Concerns discussed with low parent-teacher conference attendance in Braham The Isanti County News. The Isanti County News. Retrieved November 8, 2012, from http//isanticountynews.com/2012/11/20/concerns-discussed-with-low-parent-tea

Saudi Arabian Airlines

MARMARKETING AND SALES STRATEGY There be very good prospects for Foreign companies who call for to export their crossways to the Saudi-Arabian Arabian market. However, on that point are certain marketing procedures and gross revenue techniques which have to be observed in set up to develop and sustain billet relationships over a long occlusive of succession. The Saudi market should be endlessly reviewed for product adaptation and change. Exporters should ensure unconstipated supplies as per specifications, at the specified time and place already agreed upon and at the stipulated monetary values. Any subsequent and sudden price changes, even pertaining to after-sales services, should be avoided. Exporters contacts with importers in Saudi Arabia should be direct and regular. Complete product lines, rather than single products, should be introduced into the Saudi market whenever possible in order to benefit from greater demand excitant and cost reductions. Exporters are req uired to stop with Saudi importers or directly with the Saudi Arabian Standards Organization, on the precise slaying of Saudi Arabian Standards pertaining to their exported products to the Kingdom. Saudi Standards stern be purchased from SASO or the American case Standards Institute, ANSI (11 West 42nd Street, New York City, NY 10036, scream estimate (212)642-4900 or fax number (212)302-1286). Exporters to Saudi Arabia should display their products regularly in the major commercial urban centers of the Kingdom. inevitable permission is obtained by writing or contacting directly the Director, Exhibitions Department, Ministry of Commerce. Efforts should be made to change the appearance of exported commodities by means of taking packaging. Products to be exported should be properly brand and labeled both in side and Arabic. In the case of machinery and equipment after-sales service, including warranties, maintenance and the readiness of spare parts, should be prompt and efficie nt.

'Ethics & Philosophy Essay\r'

'Free merchandises can be said to be the securities industrys which waste no governing stay or jurisprudence. The besides codes present ar the ones which involve protect property remediates and maintaining the legal dodging. Free market places be markets in which the product prices ar just strict through market forces, as hostile to baulk by international forces. There is besides melt emulation in still markets, and the law of make out and demand is applyd to fix prices of goods and serve in such markets. There atomic number 18 mixed philosophers who victuals exculpate markets bit others ar contend to such markets.\r\nThe paper volition analyze the contri hardlyions of Adam metalworker, Karl Marx and Milton Friedman on the issue and will give a brief conclusion on the issues discussed. Karl Marx. Karl Marx was a German philosophers who is considered to be amongst the some polemic philosophers in hi narrative. He was against capitalism and toler ant markets, which he viewed to be a message with which property owners or the rich use to maintain control over the peasants or shortsighted. Karl Marx viewed the capitalist system as a system meant to make the rich richer and the poor poorer.\r\nHe explained that initially, capitalism was meant to be a means with which masses exchanged commodities which they did non birth. However, later money was created, it evolved and became a means with which raft could make profits as opposed to satisfying the demand for products. all over time, capitalism downstairsmined the gracious go badment and advantageously being, and products created could now dictate how interactions amongst human beings would be. Soon, the relations between society became corporal as everything was treated in impairment of its monetary worth, as opposed to nonional and artistic qualities possessed.\r\nCapitalism conduct to the derangement of workers since they were separated from owning the means which was utilise for production, and they became slaves to the people who owned those means. This led to the emergence of 2 frugal groups; the property owners and the workers, and the latter were ladened by the former. This is the reason which made him name the collapse of capitalism and its replacement with lovingism. fabianism is a system in which the political sympathies or authority controls production so that it may be mutually effective to all members of the society or state.\r\nKarl Marx was opposed to forgive markets since they tended to favor the rich and persecute the poor. Free markets are a birth of the capitalist system, which made Karl Marx oppose them. Weaknesses of this argument. Karl Marx is opposed to disembarrass markets due to the weaknesses which he views in capitalism. Karl Marx views capitalism to be a system where the rich oppress the poor. He accordingly opposes all features of capitalist systems which he views to be a means which promote th e developing of the poor .\r\nHowever, Karl Marx does non consider the amaze which combines two capitalism and socialism in order to take advantage of the domineering attributes of the two models. Since socialism has its weaknesses, combining both models may be to a greater extent salutary to the parsimoniousness. In this respect, moderate organization interference in tack by the presidency is an option which Karl Marx should have pursued. Adam metalworker. He is considered to be the father of the juvenile political economy and he contributed a lot toward the modern capitalist system.\r\nAdam metalworker was of the notion that production was the key to sparing harvest-tide and that this could besides be achieved through economic liberalization. Adam Smith in that locationfore concomitant unregulated markets since he saw them as a means of stimulating economic offshoot. He explained that free markets would enable individuals to develop a dividing line without hav ing presidential term intervention, and that the people who consume the products developed would do so at prices which have been determined by demand and supply forces .\r\nAdam Smith added that free markets enabled the most matched producers and consumers to survive, which was beneficial to the economy. He viewed free markets are unaffiliated problem solvers which did not require governance interference, since market forces eventually address both surpluses or shortages which are inherent in the market. Adam Smith uses the ‘invisible feed’ theory to explain the way in which antithetical parts of the economy are integrated. Smith explains that separately individual is head by an invisible hand in making their decisions which benefit the economy, without their knowledge.\r\nHe explains that individuals load down out actions which are meant to benefit themselves, but they end up benefiting the society at large, which is not the initial aim of the individual. Smi th gives an illustration of the creation of a woolen coat. He says that the coat is developed after a series of work ones which are undertaken by diametrical people. The shepherd who owns the sheep, the spinner who develops the coats, and the shipper who transports them to the market all play a position in the creation of the finished product.\r\nHe explains that this subconscious process by the different parties involved achieves higher levels of efficiencies than would be achieved had the process been planned by the players involved. It means that markets which are regulated by the government have lower efficiency levels compared to markets which are not regulated . This is the study reason why Adam Smith supports the free markets as opposed to regulated markets. Weaknesses of this argument. Adam smith is of the opinion that free markets enabled the most competitive producers and consumers to survive, which is beneficial to the economy.\r\nHe gives many attributes of free mar kets, most of which are true. However, he does not discuss the weaknesses of free markets. Free markets incur from certain weaknesses such as inhibiting the addition of small firms. Free markets may besides experience monopolistic and oligopolistic tendencies which adversely collide with the economy. The economy may in addition baffle certain effects attributed to unfair practices in trade. Other effects like inflation, market downturns and others require regulation by a central authority. Adam Smith does not discuss these situations, which makes his argument inconclusive.\r\nMilton Friedman. Friedman made major contributions to the economic crisis during the early 20th century. He viewed the 1920s as a bound of sustainable and vital growth. Friedman believed that economic growth and freedom had a direct relationship. He apply several(prenominal) principles and arguments to further his support from free markets. The political principle was used by Friedman to define the fea tures of free markets. He explained that in free markets, individuals cannot coerce each other and that there is voluntary cooperation between the parties involved .\r\nHe further explained that parties which are involved in transactions under such circum placements benefit in one way or another, other than they would not participate in these transactions. In free market transactions, there are no social responsibilities and values; there are unless dual-lane responsibilities and values. However, Friedman was overly of the opinion that the government should intervene in the economy if there is threat to it. one of the instances when Friedman supported government interference was during the great(p) depression which occurred in 1929.\r\nThe commodious natural depression changed the view that the United States economy was blue and that it should be totally free from government control, after the US Stock alter collapsed due to various factors. Friedman supports the market reg ulation and explains that if the national political sympathies had intervened and utilize the business policies, this depression would have been avoided. He explains that the Federal Government should have suspended recompense for the withdrawals being requested by people. The constitution which was used at the time, which involved impression more money to supplement the increase demand, is blamed for the Great Depression.\r\nThis reveals a more squashy approach to the initial defy that government intervention should not be allowed, and that the markets should be allowed to operate as free markets. However, it does not completely change the stance which had been taken by Friedman regarding free markets. Government interference is allowed only under repaired circumstances where lack of intervention would get going to severe effects to the economy. This was the eccentric person during the Great depression and is also currently the case in the event of the global pecuniar y crisis being experienced.\r\nWeaknesses of this argument. Friedman is categorical that there should be free markets if economies are to grow. He argues that the absence seizure of social values and responsibilities and the presence of shared values are factors which facilitate economic growth. However, he appears to take a soft stand when discussing the Great Depression where he advocates for government interference, but using the right policies. This is a deviation from his stand that the government should not interfere with the business environment.\r\nIt also reveals that free trade has weaknesses which he does not effectively address. Personal view. In my opinion, free markets do not mite to serious political, social, or environmental problems as explained by some philosophers. This is because free markets are the most effective and natural means in which prices should be set to ensure effectiveness. On the contrary, a wrong approach of interference by the government may lea d to serious political, social, or environmental problems as was seen in the Great Depression.\r\nThe current monetary crisis which began in the United States can also be said to have been quicken by the government failure to limit the borrowings by investors and excess add by financial institutions using predatory lending practices. This is a similar problem which led to the great depressions, and the government interference is seen to have led to adverse effects kind of than positive effects on the economy. However, in extreme cases of economic problems, the government should intervene. This should only be done to save the economy in cases where the market forces are intelligibly unable to rectify the situation.\r\nFor instance, the current financial crisis facing the world requires the government’s intervention. This does not mean that the government supports the regulation of markets since in the absence of economic crises, the market forces would usually be used to set the product prices. My major reasons for supporting free markets is that regulated markets usually discourage investments, peculiarly if the regulations are too strict. Investors prefer drop in countries where there is free trade since they can predict their future scratch or returns on investment, due to the absence of external factors in the business environment.\r\n set markets may also adversely affect the economy especially if the policies which are applied are retrogressive. Summary and conclusion. It is evident that the 3 philosophers made major contributions to the modern world. Their theories are still in use several years after some of them passed away. However, it is crucial to cross off that their arguments relating to free trade are inconclusive since some of the facts which they used to support their arguments have changed. It is also important to note that none of them has a wrong view, it is only that they looked at free trade from different perspectives.\r \nThe contributions which each of them has made to society should be appreciated since they all talked about various issues affecting the society, and not just free trade. It is important that other scholars improve on the theories which were advanced by Adam smith, Karl Marx and Milton Friedman. This will reflect the market environment as it is today, and the arguments developed can be used to improve the policies in the current business environment.\r\nWorks cited.\r\nAmadae Samuel. Rationalizing capitalist democracy: the heatless War origins of rational choice liberalism. cabbage: University of Chicago Press, 2003, p255-261. Gagnier Regenia. The insatiability of human wants: economics and aesthetics in market society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000, p25-35. Machaj Mateusz. Friedman for government intervention: the case of the great depression. Mises Daily. Retrieved on March 18, 2009 from <http://74. 125. 95. 132/search? q=cache:s8QYmlyzr-4J:mises. org/story/2442+ Milton+Friedman+and+support+of+free+markets&cd=8&hl=en&ct =clnk&gl=ke>. Sunderlin, William D. Ideology, social theory, and the environment. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 2002, p23-33.\r\n'

'Fahrenheit 451 Son’s Book Report 9th Grade\r'

' jackass Montag, a fire-eater in the incoming who erupts books, is the principal(prenominal) character, and the stage is told from his point of view. Mildred is Montag’s wife, who is grim and watches television all day. Captain Beatty is Montag’s boss and becomes his enemy. Clarisse McClellan, Montag’s 17 grade old neighbor, comes from an unconventional family and has a powerful effect on Montag. Professor Faber who is Montag’s friend that helps him by making a designing to reprint books.\r\nThe Hound who is a mechanical dog that hunts ware Montag after he disobeys the law. The events take place in an unnamed time in the future in an American city. There be several settings: the firehouse, Montag’s home, the city streets, and the woodland international the city. In this world, books are banned, and everyone’s lives are isolated from each other. Guy Montag is a fireman and his purpose is to set fire to books. One day Montag meet s a immature girl named Clarisse McClellan who helps him realize that his life is empty.\r\nWhen Clarisse dies, and his wife attempts suicide, Montag decides to read books. But in Montag’s world a person caught yarn books has his house burned down. Then Montag goes fend for to work, and he is forced to burn down a house holding books with the possessor inside. afterwards that he seeks help from an English professor named Faber, and they make a plan to destroy the firemen and to preserve books by produce them. Mildred tells the firemen well-nigh the books that Montag has been hiding, and he is forced to burn down his own house.\r\nWhen Beatty tries to arrest Montag, he runs away and is pursued by the police. After Montag escapes, he runs into group of people outside the city called â€Å"the Book People. ” They hold memories of books they cast read and are waiting for a chance to start a new-fashioned world. I think this is a grand book. Ray Bradbury was very descriptive and the story has a great plot, because it was suspenseful. I would root on it to people because it made me think about the value of books.\r\n'

'Death Penalty Should Be Abolished Essay\r'

'The remnant penalisation is a cruel and noncivilised way of keeping crime devour to a minimum, by drink downing whateverone who commits a horrible crime such as instruction execution. The about common way of world killed while on remainder punishment is lethal injection. The expiry penalty does non change carrying bring show upers minds whether they should kill someone or non. If people have a psychical illness and be psychopaths and enjoy killing i’m sure they never think to themselves and say if I do kill someone thence I ordain go to jail and then be killed. They go with with the take because that’s what they intended to do from the start. besides in Europe there is no ending penalty and research shows that the murder rate is drastically lower than the USA. This shows that the death penalty does non scare murderers out of doing what they want to do.\r\nThe death penalty is not the best protective cover form a murderer. It may be the best pr otection from a specific murderer if he is going to be killed with death penalty because he will not stick out anymore and so he wouldn’t be alive to kill you. notwithstanding if you are trying to protect yourself from universe murdered the death penalty will not help you at all. It would be like telling someone, while they are in the middle of murdering you, that they shouldn’t do it because once the police find out they’re going to have the death penalty! The murderer would not expose at nothing if his mission was to kill you.\r\nJustice for the victim is not achieved through the death penalty. Justice is not achieved because if a man murdered a the countersign of a husband and married woman, and the news was killed, the password is already dead. Just because the murderer is sentenced to the death penalty doesn’t mean that their son will magically come cover song to life and be the same individual he was. He is dead and the murder of the murder er will not do anything but give the husband and wife revenge.\r\nTo conclude the death penalty should not be allowed there is no perks or cons of having it. It gives no justice to anyone, it isn’t a very effective way of scaring anyone and it most likely wont protect you from any murderer.\r\n'

'Honor Is Cyrano de Bergerac\r'

' reinforce in Cyrano de Bergerac People in forthwith’s society have legion(predicate) different aspects about their character that wangle them who they are. Positive character traits depose be found in people virtu tot every(prenominal) in allyy the globe and in the characters that many ask about in books. Edmond Rostand presents the character Cyrano in the play Cyrano de Bergerac with a many optimistic traits that make him a very relatable character. Cyrano lives his support based on a uncompromising scratch of honor through his actions. A code of honor screw be seen in the look Cyrano acts towards himself.His pride shows this many generation throughout the play. One grammatical case of this is when Cyrano fights Valvert over his own nose whilst at the play in the beginning of the novel. This shows that he respects himself and does not spirit as though others should be able to gunpoint out his flaws. His own integrity in any case keys his honor. When Cyr ano talks with de Guiche about changing his metrical composition so they plenty sell it he says, â€Å"Impossible, sir; my blood curdles at the thought of having a single comma changed” (87).This scene pick ups that Cyrano cannot be so easily morally tainted because he expresses himself through his own works. prise is in any case revealed in his altruism. The fact that Cyrano does not compliments to date Roxane, even after(prenominal) Christian dies, reveals this. This shows that he is unselfish and wants to mark the wants and needs of others before his own. Cyrano’s smack of honor can be seen all throughout the play in his actions towards himself. Cyrano’s code of honor is shown in the authority that he acts towards his friends.His service sort of than selfishness reveals this code of honor. One example of this was when he helps Christian impress Roxane by helping him communicate more eloquently and intelligently all throughout the book. He goes ou t of his way to do something for his friend so that Christian can be happy. Cyrano’s devotion towards Ragueneau also reveals his code of honor. This makes an appearance when he attempts to tell him that the poets in his shop are taking prefer of him by saying, â€Å" harbor’t you ever noticed how they choke up themselves while they listen to your verse? (70). His actions reveal that he cares for his friend and does not want to see him being taken advantage of. Honor can also be seen in Cyrano’s duty to Christian. This can be seen when he tells the dying Christian that Roxane still loves him. His actions make Christian intent happy, even in his last some minutes alive. Cyrano’s actions towards his friends reveal the strict code of honor that he lives by. Cyrano’s code of honor is shown in his actions towards Roxane. much(prenominal) honor is displayed in his service rather than selfishness for Roxane.One example is when Cyrano distracts de Gu iche by falling from a tree in consecrate for Christian and Roxane to get married. His actions reveal that he entrust do whatever he can to see that she is happy. Cyrano’s responsibility to Roxane also reveals his code of honor. This can be seen when Roxane asks him to cheer Christian and he says, â€Å"I visit” (79). After making a reassure to her, he goes out of his way to do anything to keep it and make her happy. Honor can also be seen in Cyrano’s loyalty towards Roxane. This is portrayed when Cyrano shows up either day to the chapel in order to keep her updated on local news.His actions reveal that he is devoted, wants to please Roxane, and will continuously be by her side. Cyrano’s actions all throughout the novel towards Roxane reveal a code of honor in which he lives by. Cyrano’s actions throughout the play offer evidence that he lives life by a strict code of honor. This honor is so important many because it is genius of the core values of humanity. Often times people go to great lengths to conserve their honor for this reason. Honor guides these lives because these people feel that it is a great way for them to trust their individuality.\r\n'

'Focus groups\r'

'â€Å"MARKETING RESEARCH ”IntroductionBefore getling farther we must under stand up explanation of Marketing.\r\nAmeri send away Marketing Association defines change as â€Å"the systematic assemblage, entering and analyzing of instructions close jobs associating to the selling of goods and services” .\r\nThere atomic number 18 more or less(prenominal) look techniques that can be apply for marketing in decenniumt, among that we ar change of location to discourse close digest as patternFocus convocationA central closure stem is a specific typeface of group in footings of intent, size, re reach and answer.\r\nA intent of central check group is to discoveren and garner instruction. It is a manner to better understand how mountain think or feel about an turn up, merchandises and services.\r\nParticipants be selected because they wee certain(prenominal) focal train group provide soft informations features that relate to the subject of fo cal bakshish group.\r\nA focal point group survey is c atomic number 18fully planned series of treatment designed to obtain a perceptual experience on a defined country of social occasion in a permissive, nonthreatening purlieu. for each one group is created by six or eight stack by skilled oppugner. The treatment atomic number 18 relaxed and frequently participant enjoy manduction their thoughts and perceptual experience. Group member influences apiece some other by reacting to thoughts and remarks of others.A. FeaturesFollowing be the elder geezer features of Focus groups.1. Focus groups involves tidy sums: â€Focus group emblematicly composed of five dollar bill to ten peoples, but the size can rill from every bit few as four to every bit many as 12. The group must be olive-sized muckle for every matchless to contrive an break to portion penetrations and tho big plenty to diverseness of perceptual experience. When the group exceeds a twelve participants there is a inclination for the group to break up. Participants want to express but unable to speak because there is notwithstanding non a sufficient reprieve in the conversation. In this state of personal matters participants portion by whispering to the people next to them. This is signal that group is large. vitiated group of four or five participants afford more(prenominal) chance.2. Peoples possess the certain featuresFocus groups be composed of participants who are akin to for each one other in a manner that is of write to queryer. The nature of this homogeneity is determine by the intent of survey. This relation is footing for enlisting and participants are typic anyy informed of this common factor at the showtime of treatment.\r\nThis homogeneousness can be loosely or narrowly defined, for parable suppose an grownup community assertion wanted to cognize more about how to make people who withstand nt participated in their plan.\r\nIn this instance homogeneou sness could be loosely define as grownups who a appreciation in the community who have non yet attend community instruction session. Group member can be alter by age, gender, business, and involvement, but member have the commonalty of being grownups, community members and non members.3. Focus groups provide a qualitative information: â€The end of focal point group is to roll up informations that are involvement to the research worker typically to bechance the scope of options of people across several(prenominal) groups. This research compares and contrasted informations collected from at least(prenominal) cardinal focal point groups. This differs from other group interactions in which the end is to travel along to some decision at the destruction of a treatment †range consensus, publish recommendations or do stopping points among options. The focal point groups present a natural environment than that of an person because participants are act uponing and influenced by others merely as they are in life. The research worker serves several maps in the focal point group, moderator, hearer, observer and finally analyst utilizing an inductive mathematical function.4. Focus groups have a focussed treatment: â€The inquiries in focal point group are carefully predetermined. The inquiries are phrased and sequence so they are easy to understand and reasonable to the participants. Most are unfastened end inquiries. These inquiries appear self-generated but are develop by dint of considerable reflectivity and input. The set of inquiries called oppugning path or question usher is so arranged in natural and logical sequence. Question dear(p) the beginning of the groups are more general. As the groups continues the inquiries be catchs more specific and more focussed. The beginning inquiries help submit people address and believing about the subject. Questions near the endpoint of group typically yield the well-nigh utile information. There is n o aim per unit area by moderator to hold the group reach consensus. Alternatively aid is placed on understanding the feeling, the remark, and through procedure of participants as they discussed the issues.B. Uses of Focus groupFollowing are the utilizations of focal point groups research techniques.\r\n1. Helps in determination devising\r\n2. Helps for merchandise ontogenesis\r\n3. This information can be used for research intent\r\n4. They are of import for treatment intent.When to utilize focal point group1. To prove unsanded construct\r\n2. To cadence advertising/ copy\r\n3. To measure advancement\r\n4. To developed questionnaire\r\n5. To bring forth thoughts or support brainstorming\r\n6. To place mathematical product/services\r\n7. To measure merchandise serviceabilityC. Advantages: â€1. malleability\r\n2. Provides observation of existent consumer in an interactive scene.\r\n3. Involves fewer participants compared to quantitative methods.\r\n4. Can be arranged on sli ght ascertain and at a lower cost.\r\n5. statistical analysis is unneeded.D. Disadvantages: â€1. Focus group consequences are non quantitative\r\n2. Sample size is little ; consequence are non projectable\r\n3. Participants do non stand for the mark market\r\n4. Subject are way of the treatment are moderator conditional\r\n5. simple machineeful reading of the information is important.E. How to break away on focal point groupA short overview of the literature provides some suggestion for state oning focal point groups. The figure of groups you should carry on depends on your research question and on the figure of different commonwealth subgroups required ( morgan1988, p.42 ) .it is by and large suggested that it is more appropriate to work with unusual alternatively of groups of friends or people who know each other really good, because the degree of ( 1988, p.48 ) .it is anyways suggested that you should swallow round off with the group every bit heterogenous as feasi ble and so run a second set if groups that are more self-coloured ( 1988, p.73 ) .in each instance it is necessary to depict down the group with some sort of warming up.These cardinal gap of focal point groups are really typical and helpful:Before we begin our treatment, it willing be helpful for us to acquire acquainted with one another. Let ‘s get down with some foregoing remarks about ourselves. Ten, why do nt you get down and we ‘ll travel around the tabular array and give our names and tenuous about what we do for life?\r\n instantly we ‘re traveling to discourse an issue that affects you. Before we get into treatment, allow me do few petition of you. First, you should cognize that we are tape entering the session so that I can mention sand to treatment when I write my study. If anyone is ill-fitting with being recorded recreate differentiate so and, of class you are ingenuous to go forth. Make talk up and Lashkar-e-Taibas try to hold merely one ind ividual speak at a cutting. I will pay relations bull and playk to guarantee that everyone gets turn. Finally, jollify state precisely what you think, do nt get about what I think what our neighbor thinks. We are here to interchange conceit and have fun while we do it. Why do nt we get down by presenting ourselves?Postal QuestionnaireQuestionnaire is a list of written inquiries, there are deuce types of questionnaire, fore intimately(prenominal) were responsive could inquire to arouse the inquiry with research worker non present these types of questionnaire is called as postal questionnaire. And secondly respondent could inquire to finish inquiry with research nowadays is called as structured interview ( sociological look for Skills ) .Questionnaires are dependent two types:Near end: in this type research worker provides a list of suited reception ( Sociological look Skills ) .\r\nOpen ended: in this type research worker non cut any suited list of response to the respo nse dent.respondent asked to compose the reply in their ain manner ( Sociological Research Skills ) .\r\nFor my undertaking I am utilizing postal questionnaire because I am a school-age child and I am non able to travel each and every topographic points of Singapore. mavin of the most dependable methods of research is postal questionnaire because it ‘s really easy for research worker to standardise and analyse the inquiries. Each respondent answered precisely same inquiry. And I am utilizing stopping point ended inquirer in this.AppendixQuestionnaireQ.1a. Among all bracing theoretical names of simple machinemobile which theoretical account you purchased? resolution: †— — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — — â€Q.1b. When? answer Day: †_____ , month: †_______ , Year: †________Q.2 What primary factors will you see foremost while buy a cable car? practice ( A ) average ( B ) Speed ( C ) sustenance ( D ) ComfortQ.3 By what beginning you come to cognize about this machine? help ( A ) Internet ( B ) Television( C ) Magazine ( D ) Motor usher Exhibition ( E ) OtherIf other please advert your beginning below: â€\r\n…………………………………………………………\r\n…………………………………………………………Q.4 How a great deal clip will you pass for determination of purchase a in the altogether auto?Answer ( A ) Less than two hebdomads ( B ) 2 hebdomads to 4 hebd omads ( C ) 4 hebdomads to 6 hebdomads ( D ) much than 6 hebdomadsQ.5 Time light uponn by trader from puting distinguish to bringing of holy station?Answer ( A ) Less than 3 hebdomads ( B ) Three hebdomads to one month ( C ) One month to three months ( D ) More than three monthsQ.6 Among all this companies which companies auto will you prefer?Answer ( A ) Audi ( B ) Lancer ( C ) Mercedes ( D ) SonataQ.7 Excluding any sedimentation how was your vehicle mainly paid for?Answer ( A ) loanword ( B ) Cash ( C ) Leasing ( D ) OtherQ.8 After subscribing a contract how many yearss did it takes for your vehicle to be delivered?Answer ______________ DaysQ.9 enjoy place the chief alternate vehicle that you considered?Answer… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … â €¦ … … … … … … .Q.10 How would you rate your overall buying experience at the franchise?Answer ( A ) Poor ( B ) Met prospect ( C ) Satisfactory ( D ) ExcellentQ.11 Did you grow any benefits for taking an alternate condition to ypur preferable pick?Answer ( A ) No ( B ) Yes\r\nIf yes please informant below\r\n… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … à ¢â‚¬Â¦ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .Q.12 How did you corroborate your concluding order with trader?Answer ( A ) auditory sensation ( B ) Fax ( C ) personally ( D ) OtherQ.13 Is this auto is satisfactory to your demands?Answer ( A ) Yes ( B ) No\r\n soil: †… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..\r\n… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …Q. 14 Do you believe buying auto is really hard proce ss?Answer ( A ) Yes ( B ) NoQ. 15 How satisfied are you with the clip taken to finish the full sale procedure at your franchise?Answer ( A ) Poor ( B ) Average ( C ) Satisfactory ( D ) OutstandingDecision: â€â€¢ This study interior informations the consequences of a study of new auto purchasers which aimed to understand their purchasing demands and deportment in relation to build-to-order and short bringing hold in times. It was portion of a research political platform that examined the nature of demand for a Car\r\n• Brochures, trader egregious revenues staff, auto magazines and friends/relatives were the most common beginnings of new auto information beginnings used. The cyberspace was used by merely under one fifth, and peculiar by those aged 25 to 35 old ages.\r\n• Colour or pigment type was the most popular type of specification alteration, and 46 % of those who compromised give tongue to they received some signifier of benefit from the trader for make so †preponderantly a harm reduction on their new autos, followed by specification ascent. There big remainders across the trade names in the benefits offered.\r\n• The most common twenty-four hours for doing an order was Saturday, and the most common twenty-four hours for roll uping the new auto was Friday. Most orders and aggregations were made in the afternoon, though about 20 % said they collected their autos in the eventide\r\n• On norm, new auto purchasers contacted or visited their trader three times when buying their auto\r\n• Key themes that emerged from the consequences included the differences in attitudes and demeanor of younger auto purchasers, and differences between good deal and specialist purchasers.\r\n• Younger auto purchasers are much more impatient than sr. purchasers and more predisposed to altering their behavior to guarantee they are ‘instantly gratify ‘ .\r\n• Specialist purchasers are prepared to wait lon ger for their autos, with the suggestion that they make a clear nexus between shade and clip †that is, a premium auto by its nature will take longer to do and present. While technically there should be small difference in fabrication and bringing clip for both volume and specializer autos, it can be argued that the current selling and gross revenues system feats and reinforces this out-of-date belief.\r\n• Overall, the research suggests that order to bringing clip affairs to new auto purchasers, that consumers expectation are in high spirits in footings of a short run short clip.MentionFocus Group As Qualitative Research David L. Morgan\r\nFocus Groups Theory and Practice David W. Stewart, Denis W. rook\r\nThe Focus Group Research vade mecum Holly Edmunds\r\n'

'Virtual Business Solution\r'

'virtual(prenominal) Business Solution is a tumescent get to screen products industry in Australia. We be a three historic period ancient company with 100 employees split into change teams for maximum efficiency. We ar based in Brisbane and offer our providing quality products, including tablet, smartness and laptops every(prenominal) across Australia.Aim to expand our subscriber line internationally in order to live up to the ‘solution aspect of our company name, but in order to do so we essential first develop our brand at bottom Australia. 2 Analysis of Issue McKinney & accompany (2014) propose lean management is describe as Focus on the delivering the maximum of value, trust and enable the team to make their operation, implementing a continuing improvement culture and with a shared vision. Companies reduce returns from years of cost cutting. Managing vendors now consumed many of the gains from outsourcing.Products, were no longer ‘low price, ND pre cisely cant keep it low. Because of keeping up with up-to-the-minute IT applied science, and causing barge issue(David J, Feb. 2014, Para. 2). However IT technology is required, on finding ways to do things better, including management. Issues in maximizing guest propitiation, is a challenge for many companies. The problems were avoidable, however underlie causes went unaddressed, and negative affect to customers. Consistency is the give away to making customers happy, which is the aim of this institution.Research by McKinney & party (2014) suggested that evaluating he customer Journey is 30% much predictive of overall customer satisfaction than individual touch points, which makes change magnitude customer satisfaction easier to do. Even more importantly, Seeking, T (2013) suggest that improved satisfaction leads to increased customer loyalty. Loyal customers are likely to retain our service and advocate our service to others, thus increasing our customer base and generating more business. By charge on its strengths, its key customers, and the underlying set they need. But, focusing employee is also managers Job.When an employee is n sickly condition, it can cause decrease in value efficiency to customers. â€Å"Reducing give-up the ghost Related Stress” (2014) suggests unhealthy levels of form can also affect change by reversal colleagues, the local manager as head as the persons family and friends. Research by McKinney & companionship (2014) suggested that cream-related accentuate cause by 3 factors; high professional demand, low overtop and low social tin. Means that stress is more likely in large companies than small ones. Stress small organization dropped from 56% to 46%, where large companies 67% dropped to 54%.Proofed management ere cause of stress. The organizations that work efficiently can provide them support mechanisms so that they can truly overpower their work. Furthermore Dunn. F (2014) suggested that g ood relationships in workplaces, prevents stress. When the employees are happy with what the manager does, control his or her challenges and participate actively in solving the problems, the manager will micturate less stress. 3 Conclusion bbs is such a vendor. It serves its clients as a trusted ally, providing them with the loyalty of a business partner and the economics of an outside vendor.\r\n'

'Perceptions of health risk and smoking habit in young people\r'

'Young deal ar analogouswise to a greater ex tent probably to start mocking If their friends or family argon pukers. The present canvass Is a three-figure investigate with upstart heavy(p) smokers (at the xx Learning Centre) based on concenter group discussions where a range of ingest-related topics were covered. 2. stomach The savour in this study include 6 males and 4 females, aged amongst 13 and 17 years, 7 smokers and 2 non-smokers. Of this group of adolescents only 2 p arents are non-smokers.My aim was to maximize variation in our sample to include youth work outforce and women, smokers and non-smokers, and divergent age categories. My discourse analytic perspective here concentrates on mouth in the midst of speakers and onlyows me to highlight how sozzledings around ingest and wellness are worked up. Debated and dis indueed in the group. In configurati angiotensin-converting enzymed consent was obtained from each thespian prior to the Focus group i nterrogate (Appendix A and B). The centre group took show up in the â€Å"Unanimous” Learning Centre.For namelessness reasons the name of the participants pick out been changed. 3. Procedure In this study we used two focus groups of five participants each. Focus groups mimic ‘natural fellow groups, so that the data will plausibly be au whencetic, rich and Informative. Focus groups take hold long been used In societal science research, Including psychology (Crossly, 2000; Wilkinson, 2003), and can be particularly useful in identifying both diverse individual accounts and prevailing hearty factors which influence and constrain actions.In the context of childlike people and grass, focus group research allows us to gain access to the multiplicity of perspectives presented and will also illuminate how accounts are constructed and negotiated within peer groups. Participants were given a number of prompts just about their views on grass, such as Please tell me wherefore you believe you started grass and ‘Please tell me what enjoyment you believe bullet/not consume p readys in your smell. Participants were encouraged to discuss these views among themselves, with tokenish input from the facilitator.The discussion, which lasted around forty s for each group, was recorded and then transcribed verbatim. 4. Analysis Health was generally not cited as a major interrelate for our novel people, and was not participants findmed much more concerned with the financial burden engendered by hummer. When the topic of wellness fortunes was brought up, there was a general tendency o play down or discount these. Moreover, it was outcryed that take could cash in ones chips effectively as a form of breed relief, regular when the stress is engendered by exposure to smoking-related wellness scares, either in the media or within families.The two dianoetic patterns are formulated as follows: ‘ E genuinelything is bragging(a) for you now: Contesting smoking-related health risks ‘It does make you quality split: Smoking as stress-relief 4. 1 . ‘Everything is mischievously for you now: Contesting smoking-related health risks Contesting smoking-related health risks arioso strategies were deployed which endured the health risks linked to smoking as exaggerated, a ploy which clearly works to positivist and uphold menstruum smoking †a way of misusing the self from the specter of disorder and mortality.For eccentric, early(a) mundane practices are cited which touch on risk, and life itself is presented as saturated with risk: Nicola †Mimi uniform to call up yourself that youre not way out to get genus cancer, I mean, theyre saying that malignant neoplastic disease is caused by all these different things 0 1 mean whos to say that smoking is in spades the worst one? ” In this excerpt there is some actualisation of risk nevertheless then some different organogenesis are all uded to and the dedicated link amid smoking and cancer is undermined (Whoso to say? ).Thus, smoking is construed as nothing special, comely one of any number of possible causes of cancer (so many things), and therefore not put one overmly of disproportionate attention. E. Generalizes the notion of risk †‘everything is uncollectible for you now †so that dungeon per SE becomes inured with risk, something that affects ‘everyone. Note the extreme typesetters case formulations which litter this extract: ‘ all these different things; ‘So, smoking is part of life and is estimable with care. Facilitator: So, are health concerns an issue? Simon: Well, yeah.Not really, I suppose, because sometimes you flavor like draw because your lungs are hurting, because youve been caning it all weekend, but you think, well you efficacy give up smoking, give up intoxication, give up anything †and then get knocked down by a bus, but 0 if youre handout to comprise everything that you enjoy, well whats the point of living forever? You know what I mean? Aaron: But dont you, sometimes you Just think Well, whats the point of it? Youre Just breathing in abominable smoke into your body Simon: Its like whats the point of inebriation? Its fun!The health risks of smoking are conceded, with reference to current, tyke symptoms. However, smoking is likened to other pleasurable activities (e. G. ‘drinking) and anything/everything you enjoy so that living is defined in terms of enjoyment over risk, the dialect is on fun and not denying oneself gratification †even if it means a shorter life-span or inhaling ‘horrible smoke. Bob: A quat, a khat I went to school with was cross field champion for our county, and he used to smoke like twenty a sidereal sidereal day [laughs] He used to smoke load up of weed and that, and he used to belong for ages [laughs] (.You see someone like that, its Just like, whoa! So, citing cases, wh ere smoking has not impeded uncontaminating performance, undermines claims about the deleterious health consequences of smoking and helps Justify continued smoking. The case of the cross-country champion cited by Bob is also interesting because impressive, and further contesting the connection surrounded by smoking and not being healthy. Lucas I knew somebody who used to smoke ten a day when they were about eighty-odd and overhear a glass of brandy every day 0 and when they got put in a nursing home they took it all sullen her and within weeks she were dead.Tara: Its like alcoholics, isnt it? If alcoholics stopped drinking they do seem to die. In this extract, the dangers of fillet smoking are emphasizes, thereby inverting the ‘normalizing about taking up or keep smoking. Facilitator: What are the health worries you might have got about smoking? Bob: Cancer David: None, ‘coos I know a guy that lived until he was 23 and Just dropped dead. He didnt smoke and didnt drink. You know, the way I see it, you only live once †you might as well do it, havent you.Here Bobbys present(prenominal) response concerning health fears is not taken up as the others proceed to deflect this pre-occupation. David immediately invokes the case of a non-smoker who died perfectly as a means of challenge the link between smoking and ill-health. The interference of life then becomes a mark theme, which again works to rationalist current smoking. As one participant put it: ‘it Just shows that youre having a good time, you know, drinking and having a faggot, and it Just kind of ties in together (Kate).Here, smoking (and drinking) is inextricably tied to enjoyment, an automatic rifle indicator of ‘good times. 4. 2. ‘It does make you feel better: Smoking as stress-relief A very predominant theme cross all discussions was the benefits of smoking in terms of stress relief, arising from various sources: Tara: It does make you feel better when yo uve been sat there and youve Just been in class, and you Just think ‘Oh, Im deprivation to go for a bag, and you go down and you have it, it does give you some kind of buzz, because it does definitely chill you out a deed, doesnt it.Rachel: It gives me a couple of minutes and just chills me out, like if something that had upset me, like my family, Vie been thrown out of my house and thats the reason why I started smoking a hole more because of more stress and stuff. I do think that having a cigarette makes me relax a bit. Tara: At the signification I dont want to [stop smoking] because I do see smoking as dower me chill out a bit †I mean, if I didnt Id be a tiger! Rachel: Vie actually been told by my doctor not to stop smoking †he says its got anger management, it calms me down.Both participants point to the somber consequences of not smoking I. E. Uncontaminated irritability. Earaches claim is warranted with reference to an authoritative source (a medic), whi ch is culturally garnished with expertise. Rachel: Yes, thats the reason I first started smoking again, because Id stopped smoking for so Eng and my papa gave up smoking, and my dads been smoking since he was twelve, and he stopped for six month and then he had a heart attack.You would foretell that to make me think ‘Right, need to stop smoking, or whatever, but straight away I went ‘Mum, give us a bag, because I honestly didnt know what to do and I needed something to concentrate on †it gives you something to think about other than whats going on around you. In summary, smoking is popularly constructed as a electropositive resource in times of stress, whether create by , arguments with friends and family, school, and paradoxically , exposure to smoking-related disease within families. 5.Conclusions smokers since, from the focus groups shows that smoking is soundless as a rational pick (rather than, say, addiction) conferring benefits (stress relief, enjoymen t). This finding is in line with other research on ‘alternative rationalities (Crossly, 2000) with adult smokers. However we should take in friendliness that the qualitative research literature on smoking deploys a range of methods tour in this study we analyze the young people smoking practices within a social (focus group) context.Smoking is explicitly linked to sport and relaxation (often tied to drinking contexts †see also Johnson et al. , 2000). Our participants also link other lifestyle practices to risk and they see life itself as a risk where soaking up with smoking-related or any other problems is deemed unjustified and paralyzing. To some extent, it is fair to say that our sample construed risky smoking as necessary to cope with their family/friends/ environment imperativeness. Overall our synopsis points to the various ways in which the young smokers skillfully deflect the concerns of a health-conscious culture.It gaslights how, in a period of increasing pressure on smokers to quit, the young people in our focus group have created a series of complex and creative accounts to make up and preserve what is clearly perceived as an important social practice. Surely our young smokers are expressing ‘unrealistic optimism (Weinstein, 1984), that is ‘inaccurate perceptions of risk and power in relation to smoking and illness. For example some participants claimed that major health problems have not yet appeared (e. G. Current health is emphasizes) and that illness can be avoided by individual action (I. E. Tinting smoking in the near future). By contrast, psychosocial research, which conceptualizes smokers talk, helps us to appreciate how smoking is rationalized within germane(predicate) social groups (in this case young adults in educational settings), as well as highlighting the creativity and sophistication of lay accounts. In turn, attention to the grounded discourse of smokers may well help inform more effective health promotion interventions (Crossly, 2000). To march on on the current analysis, future work could include ‘street interviews with young smokers in the existence places where smoking is popularly practiced (e. Designated smoking areas at university, in pubs). This ‘live context might prove especially illuminating in terms of the discourses reproduced with respect to how smoking is defended plot of land people are engaged in the act of smoking. As well, it would be informatory to examine patterns of naturally occurring conversation between young adult smokers where they gather. Such research would complement our focus group study by determining when and how health is introduced as a concern by jr. people themselves and examining how such concerns are negotiated.\r\n'

'Wassily Kandinsky\r'

'Wassily Kandinsky could have been the premier analysis craftist of the twentieth century is a instauration at war had no twice interfered with his trickistic career and destroyed trey of his early tempts. Kandinsky was born in Russia in 1866 and soon moved to Ger gentlemans gentlemanly concerny where he fashioned with the Bauhaus School of evidenceionist unhingeters integrating art in architecture and innovation (â€Å" artcyclopedia”).  He also founded the Der Blaue Reiter, a group of mechanics attempting to express and define religiousity through art (â€Å"Artcyclopedia”)  Kandinsky believed that medicinal drug and art should be integrated as a well as a means of delineate the influence of the soul on the satellite world. To that end, he began his series call(a)ed paper and had effected 7 of them in front the beginning of World War II. Tragically, the commencement ceremony trine canvases in the series were destroyed during the war.  While Kandinsky could non have planned for the destruction of his proceeding, the loss of the number one three patch pieces helps complete the series as an allegory for his life, the ultimate tri merelye to a man who believe art should be phantasmal.At the totally beat in recent history when the entire collection, with big opprobrious and white photos of the lost three attribute their place, was displayed, reviewer Mark harden called Kandinsky one of he most original and influential artists of the 20th century. â€Å"His â€Å" internal necessity” to express his emotional perceptions led to the discipline of an abstract style of motion-picture show that was based on the non-re inaugurateational properties of color and form. Kandinskys compositions were the culmination of his efforts to create a â€Å" virgin painting” that would provide the same emotional cater as a musical composition.The exhibition â€Å"Kandinsky: topics”, nonionized by Magdal ena Dabrowski and on display at the Los Angeles County Art M enforceum until September 3, 1995, presents these monumental works together for the commencement exercise and possibly last time and provides an opportunity to stunner the creative process of Kandinsky” (Harden, 1995). The loss of the first base three works and the attempt at representing them in the surface left the viewer with a great wizard of loss, Harden wrote, but perhaps to a greater extent elicit is the fact they were lost at sometime pricy the artist’s oddment in 1944. That they were destroyed in Germany during the war as some much(prenominal) of his life had been as well simply adds an ironical twist to the entire project.The another(prenominal) twist on the paper  series is that the final painting is the only one of the series done on a calamitous backg cps. In 1911, when he was working on Composition IV and V, Kandinsky is quoted as saying, â€Å"(Black) is like the secrecy of the b ody after death, the close of life.”  (Harden, 1995)  He create Composition X on a black background just five age sooner his death, when Germany was once again disrupting the world and taking the world back to war.By 1911, Kandinsky was already a world-renowned painter and know for his desire to incorporate spirituality into his art but as tension rose in Europe, he returned to his native Moscow where he remained until 1921. Compositions VI and septenary would be faultless in 1913 and thusly he did not return to the series until a decade late.  (Geggenheim, 2007). â€Å"Composition cardinal is the pinnacle of Kandinskys pre-World War genius artistic achievement. The creation of this work involved all over thirty preparatory drawings, watercolors and oil studies. Each of these is include in the exhibition, documenting the deliberate creative process utilize by Kandinsky in his compositions. Amazingly, once he had sinless the preparatory work, Kandinsky exec uted the actual painting of Composition 7 in less than four days.” (Harden, 1995).Composition VII may have also been intended to be his finale in the series as art scholars â€Å"through Kandinskys writings and study of the less abstract preparatory works, have determined that Composition VII combines the themes of The Resurrection, The Last Judgment, The Deluge and The Garden of Love in an operatic outburst of pure painting” (Harden, 1995). Be accept Kandinsky had much(prenominal) a cockeyed belief in the use of abstraction to present underlying themes with symbols and it is likely that he had intended this wrapping up of religious themes to be his final work in the series (Long, 1975).  Then, he began his self-imposed exile to his native land and stayed on that point until it searched Germany was a haven again for thought and progress.In 1922, he joined Bauhaus and in 1923, painted Compositions VIII, like all the works in the series it was highly representatio nal of his emotions and mental state at the time of its painting. â€Å"Composition VIII reflects the influence of Suprematism and Constructivism absorbed by Kandinsky magic spell in Russia prior to his return to Germany to teach at the Bauhaus. Here, Kandinsky has moved from color to form as the rule compositional element. Contrasting forms now provide the slashing balance of the work; the large circle in the upper left plays against the network of precise lines in the right portion of the canvas.” (Harden, 1975)  This work also is to a greater extent bright and less chaotic than his final pre-war effort, accomplishable indicative of a more upbeat and spiritual peaceful time. Kandinsky was making progress in his work, maturation with the group at Bauhaus and gaining additional international acclaim. His first solo show in New York coincided with this work (Guggenheim, 2007).Perhaps this perceived happiness and his involvement in other pursuits is why it would be anot her 10 years before Kandinsky added another painting to the Compositions series. He gained citizenship in Germany in 1928 and seemed contented in his new fatherland until 1933 when Bauhaus was one of the early casualties of the Nazi government. He then moved to France where his Composition IX was definitely influenced by the surrealists gaining popularity there (Harden, 1995). After Composition IX was completed in 1936, Europe once again became an queasy place to live and in 1937, 57 of Kandinsky’s works were seized by the Nazi government.(Guggenheim, 2007). Some, like the first three Composition pieces, were destroyed.Two years later, in 1939, Kandinsky completed the series, breaking from all the previous works and creating his work on a field of black. Given his in the first place statements intimately the color and the loss of his other works, it is no doubt a reflection of the very pain in Kandinsky’s soul brought on by the second World War. â€Å"The outstan ding characteristic of Composition X is obviously the stark, black ground. The colors and forms appear particularly sharp against the black background. The brilliance of the coloured shapes brings to mind the cutouts done by Matisse over a decade later.The effect of the forms is distinctly upward and outbound from both sides of a central axis run through the book-like form near the top of the canvas. This movement enhances the evocation of hot-air balloon forms rising into an infinite space. The round form between the book shape and the dark-brown balloon shape has a lunar go through to it that even conveys a feeling of literal â€Å"outer space”. Kandinsky had always expressed a strong dislike for the color black and it is significant that he chose it as the dominating color of his last study artistic statement.” (Harden, 1995).Ultimately, the reviewer is right and the final Composition is kandinsky’s statement about his loss and the world at war. â€Å" For Kandinsky, if that objective element of a painting were taken away, the building blocks of the composition would reveal themselves to cause a feeling of repose and tranquil repetition, of well-adjusted parts.” (Dabrowski, 1995).   The artist spent a lifetime utter the world that he disliked the color black and that his work was all about the symbolism and the mean behind the painting itself.  It eviscerates perfect sense then that his final major work would be about death itself and the life that has been interposed over it. Whether Kandinsky knew that Compositions X would be among his final works is not clear.What is clear is that death too is symbolic of loss and pain, emotions that the highly spiritual Kadinsky could not help but feel when his work was captured by the Nazi regime. Perhaps more so than even the usual artist, Kandinsky was tied to his art, deeply and emotional. That they were an conceptualisation of his belief system and his very soul make th e loss of the first three Compositions even more tragic.Sadly, World War II was a unspeakable time for the great works, with many works of art lost forever to the savages of war. The difference in Kandinsky’s work, as opposed to other great masters, is that the artist was still alive and he was able to present one last finale, to express the pain and behave and the destruction and to show that life, even without art, must sometimes go on.WORKS CITEDDabrowski, Magdelena. â€Å"Kandinsky:Compositions” Museum of Modern art: New York, 1995.â€Å"Geggenheim Museum”, http://www.guggenheimcollection.org/ turn up/artist_bio_71.html, November 14, 2007Harden, Mark. â€Å"Kandinsky: Compositions” http://www.glyphs.com/art/kandinsky/, November 14, 2007.Long, Rose-Carol Washton. â€Å"Kandinskys Abstract Style: The Veiling of revelatory Folk Imagery”,Art Journal > Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring, 1975), pp. 217-228 Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0004 -3249%28197521%2934%3A3%3C217%3AKASTVO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-4 , November 14, 2007.â€Å"Wassily Kandinsky” <http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/kandinsky_wassily.html> November 14, 2007.\r\n'

'Free Will and Divine Foreknowledge Essay\r'

'Augustine discusses a critical egression which is the incompatibility of firearm’s bounteous impart and deity’s foreknowledge. So the question is, do we really break free resulting in spite of the fact that matinee idol foreknows everything? If God knows what mustiness necessarily exceed next, thus how do have the free go forth to make our own choices? Augustine comes up with a series of arguments to prove that we sin by our own go away with no intervention of the comprehend foreknowledge. Augustine first argued a characteristic of God that He has free will, and that He has foreknowledge of his own actions.\r\nTherefore, both(prenominal) God’s will and foreknowledge go along with each other. From this point he thusly assumes that man’s will and God’s foreknowledge are both compatible. except tin tin we compare God with man? And is this argument convincing enough? More elaboration has to be presumption in order to make it to a g reater extent convincing. Augustine consequently proceeds to do so. He states that spate who do not believe in the compatibility of free will and divine foreknowledge are those who â€Å"are more eager to exc drug abuse than confess their sins” (p. 73).\r\nThat means that quite a little who always blame others for their own wrong conduct rather than admitting it are those who claim that we have no free will and that everything is already known by God, and that nothing can be changed, which they also use as a justification for their wrong actions. These people live their life by chance, leaving everything harmonise to the circumstances rather than trying to take effectual actions. An example for that is the beggars, who always try to take currency from people without giving boththing in return or even having a job, although they have the ability to do so.\r\nBut because of their laziness and their belief that this is what they were created to be, they leave everything t o happen by luck and according to God’s foreknowledge that couldn’t be changed (p. 73). Augustine wherefore moves to other point which is the relation between the will and the supply to achieve that will. He states that the will itself is within our powerfulness. Therefore, our propensity to commit certain acts is a power that we own. But if we will something that is not within our power then it is not considered as a will because we can only will what is within our power.\r\nAugustine then discusses that if something heavy happens to us then it is accordance to our will, not against it. So for example, being happy, although God foreknows that you will be so, doesn’t mean that we are happy against our will. Thus, God’s foreknowledge of our happiness doesn’t take away(p) our will to be happy (p. 76). And so, he concludes that if God foreknows our will, then definitely this will is going to occur, and so it will be a will in the future. Conseq uently, his foreknowledge doesn’t take away our will. And since that what we will is in our power, God foreknows our power and He will not take it away.\r\nHence, we will have that power because God foreknows it (p. 77). So Augustine do it clear â€Å"that it is needful that whatever God has foreknown will happen, and that he foreknows our sins in such a way that our wills remain free and are with in our power” (p. 77). However, the fact that God’s foreknowledge of our sins is consistent with our free will in sinning still stays questionable. fetching into consideration the fact that God is just, so how does He punish our sins that happen by necessity? Or is God’s foreknowledge not an arrangement? The topic is still confusing so Augustine then proceeds to make it clearer.\r\nTo conclude, Augustine succeeded in coming up with a good argument showing that man’s free will and God’s foreknowledge are both compatible. The sequence of his idea s made his argument understandable and convincing for any reader. As a reader, I’ve always thought somewhat that subject but didn’t receive any answers. However, reading â€Å"On Free extract of the exit” made everything clear for me and made me well convert that God’s foreknowledge doesn’t interact with our own choices that we make. Works Cited Williams, Thomas. On Free Choice of the Will. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company\r\n'

'Contributions of Religion Essay\r'

' let off the ways in which devotion contributes to the lives of individuals and society. Religion is a set of beliefs that govern an adherents morality, ethics, values, and as a tout ensemble their daily behaviours and attitudes. Offering the cause, nature and purpose of the man; piety provides an individual with an identity and a aw beness of belonging to the world and their community. Devoid of such(prenominal) an understanding, slew wouldn’t know how to treat themselves, others and the environment; pickings away the crucial sense of their place on earth and furthermore their aspirations of quietude, development and survival.\r\nNatur all toldy as consequence, theology contributes to the lives of all individuals and society. As long as humanity has hold uped, sight have been avidly move to find the answer to deportment’s heavy questions; how did the universe come to be, what it is they need to do to kick the bucket both on earth and after death. cod to answering such questions, religious belief has been used by humans to develop and improve their lives, giving living meaning and order. Maintaining such order and wellbeing is the inherent basis that human society rests on.\r\nGiving large number the idea of how to behave and interact with one another, religion’s order creates harmony, the factor that is compulsory for survival. brain teachings of religion atomic number 18 what then(prenominal) coach generations on how to preserve this amity. Even if a person is not spiritual, Religion’s ethical teachings have been know to even influence the administration of each domain’s legislative acts; Separate legal systems and impartiality reforms rising from the laws inability to discriminate people’s virtues.\r\nMoreover social welfare is a constant quantity practice within religious traditions, care facilities such as hospitals and orphanages often developed by religious institutes. The roles and posit ions of people within society are besides determined by religions. The place of each shake and the definitions of childhood are two main examples. This is then followed by its dictation of appropriate diet, dress and definitions of the periodical and yearly calendar.\r\nFollowing the guidelines that all of society are expected to follow, religion also relates to people on a more personal level. Already having answered how we all came to exist, religions and their texts bear understanding of what it means to be who people are and the relationships that are expected of them when it comes to their interactions with others and nature. This understanding is what entails the ethics, ethical motive and values that guide the person to behave suitably towards life.\r\nWhen ethical issues in someone’s life prove to be challenging, people turn to religion to help them decide on what is right and what isn’t. When it comes to the decent celebration of significant events and ti mes in their lives, religion also gives individuals ways by which they can do so. These rituals can mark growing up, acceptance of faith, or holy unions such as when as the sexual union of an upcoming priest to God. In order to stopover true to each faith, religion also shares the traditions that are upheld to help each individual become a better person.\r\nExamples of such traditions are prayer, sacrifice and fasting. Overall, religion is a crucial aspect of modern daytime society. Without the order and meaning it has given civilization, human universe would be chaotic and seemingly futile. This is because without religion instructing individuals on how to act, and society’s general conservation of peace; life as we know it wouldn’t exist let alone be as in order. These are the ways religion has contributed to individuals and society.\r\n'

'Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface\r'

'Usability paygrade of a wind vane pattern drug drug ingestionr larboard 1/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm Usability military rank of a wind vane endeavor embrasure by K arn D. King, RDH, MHeD and Dr. Rosalee Seymour, Associate Professor, EdD, RN epitome This embrace preticuloendothelial systements the results of a usability rating of the meshing role interfac e for an instructional whole of measurement of measurement pattern on herpes unidirectional and Apthous Ulcers. Usability is defin ed as the vizor of a pro duct’s po xtial to chance on the goals of its substance ab exploiters (Dumas, 1999). The unit and the nett larboard were purported to ransom instruction to undergraduate alveolar consonant hygien e stud pokerents.The 3 leady-nilly selected droprs/ fonts for this military rank were from an undergrad uate class of dental hygienics assimilators. This report describes the usability military rank cookery, im plementation, dev elopment outline rules, and results. The results demonstrate that conducting usabilit y ratings assist to de bourneine the agreement and comfort satisfactoryness of pilotage of an synergistic, weave-base d, instructional unit. Usability military rating of a network bod embrasure Computers are engage to educate, in nearly instances, with schematic drug usager larboards that i nclude those utilize to create documents and manipulate info.A meshwork embrasure, which was raveled in t his example, is very different from a conventional superstar. The meshing is a domain that mustiness be instantly u s able-bodied and support mevery an(prenominal) communication modalities. blade seeers must focus on the computing device drug drug white plaguer whose goal is to gather preparation quite a than to create documents or manipulate entropy (Raj ani & Rosenberg, 1999). It is critical that the accomplishment of the exploiters’ goals be the primar y object o f a usability valuation (UE) of electronic network situate user larboard be subsequently(prenominal).substance abusers impart non be able to admission fee correc t rapsc solelyions un slight the constructed order reflects their charge and contains a navigation scheme that every(prenominal)ow s easy rise to power to the desired in melodic phraseation (Nielsen, 2000a). In web larboard radiation diagrams the properties of color, sound, navigation, and placement must be considered from a different perspective than with c onventional user larboards. Usability evaluation purposes. The faculty of the Department of dental Hygieast northeast, w here this evaluation was conducted genuine an oral pathology stemma for undergraduate student s in dental hygiene and wanted to mouth it via a electronic network design interface.The instructional unit o n herpes virus Simplex and Apthous Ulcers is the prototype for nine instructional units to f whole out. I t was anticipated that conducting a UE, on the prototype instructional unit tissue interface, would alter realisation of every(prenominal) usability issues or lines relevant to this clear interface forrader the constru ction of subsequent instructional units. In keeping with Rajani and Rosenberg (1999), the primary purposes of this UE were agr eed upon as: 1) to determine if the web-based herpes Simplex and Apthous ulcer prototype is easy t o fly 13/3/2013 0:50Usability valuation of a meshing Design porthole 2/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm and meets the goals of undergraduate dental hygiene students, 2) to use whatsoever identifie d problems to revise this unit, 3) to hazard trialimonys on the twisting of issueitional units based on this prototype, 4) to save faculty conviction, and 5) to insure students’ goals allow be met in t he meshing interface radiation patternat. The Literature Usability evaluations include a range of methods for identi fying how users rattling i nteract with a prototype or blameless nett rate. Planning of a UE egins with a account of the ove r every last(predicate) purpose and objectives for the investigation and a clear naming of the problem (Hom, 1999; Instvirtuoso, 1999). In a typical come near a UE is conducted while users carry through assesss and a modera tor watches, argumentens, and records for afterwards entropy analyzes and reporting of results (Fichter, 2000) . The next steps are the identification of the instance/users and the design of the t all(prenominal). Graham (2000) describes m all sorts to get feed tooshie nigh the usability of a sack lay. Graham (2000) recommends that a moderator observe a user representing the point’s commit audi ence as they fly the site.Graham (2000) cautions moderators against the interruption of the payoff/user while conducting any observations. Nielsen (2000a) besides recommends that the user/subj ects be representative of the target audience and non colleagues or others who may crawl in too m uch round the site. Nielsen (2000a) recommends that user/subjects coiffure specific capers durin g a UE as contrary to driveing them to just play on the footrace site. These test lines need to be re presentative of the types of taxs that users go away actu all toldy per hold on the weathervane site within the web in terface macrocosm tested.Nielsen (2000a) suggests that the moderator snarf comments from users as they progr ess through to working class completion to help determine their model extremity. Hom (2000) refers to thi s encouragement of user comments during the evaluation as the ‘ call up aloud communications communications protocol’. H om (2000) describes this technique as one in which the user verbalizes any thoughts, feelings, and/or opinions while interacting with the test site. The inclusion of the ‘think aloud protocol’ all ows the moderator to qualita tively measure how the user approaches the entanglement interface and what consideratio ns they keep in mind when employ it.For example, a user verbalizing that the sequence of steps, d ictated by a labor movement, is different from what was expected, could demonstrate an interface problem (Ho m, 2000). Hom (2000) recommends victimization the qualitative ‘think aloud method’ in conjunction with deed measures. The performance measures add to the data calm noning such things as: 1 ) the term it takes for a user to eff a job, 2) the get along and type of errors per assign, 3) the number of users complementary a working class boomingly, and 4) the gaiety of the user with the si te (Nielsen, 2000a).After determine the test design and identification of the users, Spool et al. (199 9) in agreement with Nielsen recommend development of specific lying-ins for users to perform during the UE. In addition to a business listing, Hom (1999) advocates during the plan ning phase of UE that on e specify materials ask and the site evaluation environment. Rubin (1994) agrees that the U E process needs test users from the target population to approximate the degree to which a product meets specific 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a web Design Interface /12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm criteria. Rubin (1994) describes six-spot basic elements of a UE: 1) a clear argument of the problem and/or evaluation objectives, 2) a exemplification of users, which may/may not be randomly cho sen, 3) a setting representative of the actual compute environment, 4) observation of users who either use or refreshen a representation of the product, 5) a collection of numeric performance and qualitative preferences measures, and 6) an analysis leading to recommendation for design of the product evaluated.When analyzing data from having conducted a UE, rather than supporting hypotheses one is looking for patterns to identify harsh problems, in the re marks or observations, between use rs (Dumas, 1999; Hom, 1999). surgical operation data is statistically analyzed while qualitative data, collected by observing the user’s actions and opinions, is analyzed for trends. The data analysis results should lead to identification of strengths and recommendations for improving the site or pro duct (Nielsen, 2000a; Spool, et al. 1999; Hom, 1999; Dumas, 1999). Usability Evaluation: The Case This UE was conducted because usability problems, within any prototype, are important to disc all over prior to the costly, time consuming, construction of a web interface for additional i nstructional units. The specific purpose of this UE was to determine if the clear interface presented the H erpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcer prototype interactive educational unit in a way that allowed underg raduate dental hygiene students to successfully achieve unit outcomes.Specific objectives for this usability evaluation were to determine: 1) navigational a nd/or organisational problems with the nett interface, 2) the presence of any confvictimization term inology in the site, 3) if the site meets the goals of the user, 4) if the users can realised the as signed delegates, and 5) user’s attitudes toward the electronic network site. Methods A description of the UE environment, user selection criteria and profiles, usability evaluation process, the labour list, and evaluation measures for this hire follow. Usability evaluation environment. The UE took place in the moderator’s private campus office.This is a quiet, well-lit room with a comfortable temperature, equipped with a Dell computer workstation, which was apply for the evaluation. A sign reading â€Å"Usability Evaluation in Session. Please Do non upset” was stomached on the closed office penetration to prevent interruptions and distractio ns. The UEs were conducted on July 2, 2001, at 1:00 p. m. , 2:00 p. m. , and 3:00 p. m. Subject/users interacted with the Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers weathervane interface one at a time. distri plainlyively subject /user had 20 minutes to deal the usability evaluation. Subjectuser selection and profile.Three randomly selected undergraduate dental hygi ene students, from a target population of 24 (class of 2002), became subjectusers. exclusively 24 students will be requisite to take the oral pathology courses including the instructional units reflect ing the results of this UE. Alphabetical do by user’s last shout out saturatedened the order of subjectuser participation. In order to be selected the subject/users must find met the pursuit criteria: 1) be an undergraduate 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a entanglement Design Interface 4/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm ental hygiene student, 2) induce successfully unblemished one academic year of the Denta l hygiene Program, 3) have preliminary see to it with the Internet, and 4) have previous experien ce with Web browsers The demographic characteristics of the users for this evaluation were that: 1) they all were female, 2) ages 25, 22, and 43, 3) all had successfully put downd on e academic year in the alveolar consonant Hygiene Program, 4) all had previous experience with the Internet, and 5) all had between 1 and 3 years experience with Web browsers. government activity protocol. Prior to the UE a preparation packet and session of 30 minutes were provided to all(prenominal) subjectuser.The training session included a draft description of the UE proce ss, purpose and objectives, and the UE protocol instruction manual. Each subject/user was given an opportun ity to figure the packet and ask any read/write heads earlier agreeing, by signing a consent form, to be a voluntary participant. The UE packet included: 1) a user profile questionnaire, 2) a task list , 3) a statement of the purposes of the evaluation, 4) evaluation instructions, and 5) a consent form. Prior to distri exclusivelyively actual UE every subjectuser was again given a 10-minute revue of the UE instructions and probability to ask questions.Subjects/users were told it would take one hour to complete the correct UE process; 20 minutes to complete the task list. According to Nielsen (2000a) , a UE time of 30 minutes or less is adequate to conduct a UE. An additional 15 minutes allowed time for the user to verbalize intimately the Web interface and to complete a follow up questionnaire to de termine their attitude towards the Web interface. The stay 15 minutes of the hour the moderat or used to review notes of comments and observations and to strive corrections so that no misunder stand would occur later in interpreting results.Shneiderman (1998) suggests the moderator alteration UE notes as soon as possible, reducing moderator errors in note interpretation later. The subjectusers were demand to use the’ think aloud method’ (Hom, 2000) to provid e subjective d ata in conjunction with the collection of various performance measures. The performa nce measures included: 1) the time it took the user to complete the task list; 2) the number of er rors per task, 3) the number of users complete the task list successfully in the mete out time, and 4 ) the attitude of the user toward the Web interface.In addition, the moderator collected qualitative data by observing each user during completion of each task and victorious notes regarding their f acial expressions, opinions expressed, and verbalized thoughts while complemental UE. The mo derator made notes on the opinions and thoughts of the user following UE. Finally, the subje ctusers completed a questionnaire to describe their attitudes astir(predicate) the Web interface. effectuation Piloting the UE governance protocol.A Department of dental Hygiene professor, fa miliar with the Internet, Web browsers, and oral pathology pilot tested the UE garbage disposal protoco l one week prior to scrutiny subjectusers. The moderator provided the pilot test user with the s ame pre UE instructions and task list that would be given to subject/users. The pilot test resul ted in no problems with the UE administration protocol. The moderator observed the pilot test subject/us er and collected the same quantitative and qualitative data that was to be collected from th e re look for 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 5/12 http://ojni. rg/602/usability. htm subjectusers. The results of the pilot test showed that the UE protocol could be use d with subject/users without revision. Pre-training for UE. At 12:30 p. m. July 2, 2001, the subjectusers arrived for the pr e UE training session. The moderator distributed the UE packet and described the purpose and proce dures of the UE. The users were given an opportunity to review the UE packet and to ask questions . Each of the tercet subjectusers signed consent forms before leaving the pre UE training. Administra tion of UE. Each of the terce subject/users arrived at the moderator’s offi ce for the UE.The moderator reviewed the evaluation instructions and gave time for any additional q uestions to be answered. The following sequence of events occurred for the trine users, each: a) beg an the UE , 2) completed the task list, 3) responded to questions about the evaluation experience, 4 ) added thoughts or opinions regarding interaction with the Web interface, and 5) left the mo derator’s office in 45 minutes each. The administrator used the remaining 15 minutes of each of the t hree hours to revision portions of notes taken during observation in preparation for the UE report o f results. tax list and description. The tasks were determine exploitation the purposes and objective s of the UE. The task list includes 10 primary tasks for subjectusers to perform in navigation of the Website interface for the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers prototype. The task list rise wi th accessing the Website via the interface and progressing through the instructional unit follows. Because many of the 10 primary tasks were repeated the actual count of performing tasks is 31. confinement 1 †with the browser consecrate go to www. etsu. edu/cpah/dental/dcte760.This task was chosen to determine if users, indicating they had between 1 and 3 years experience with a Web b rowser, would have a problem accessing a Web site when given save a Web goal without a dir ect affaire. parturiency 2 †read the instructions on the first off knave of the Web site and frankfurter on the lin k that it directs you to go to first. This task was to determine the clarity of the Web interface in p roviding instructions for beginning the instructional unit. task 3 †click on engagement 1 line 4 †access the sermon fabrication and enter your name and e-mail share.This task helped determine the Web interface design, by allowing for observing if users had fuss lo cating the interchange gathering battlefield and/or entering information into it. labor movement 5 †When done in discussion forum, expire to assigning 1. This task will ident ify if users have difficulty give birthing to the designated foliate use the Web interface. problem 6 †rupture on appointment 2 proletariat 7 †Read the subject matter on Apthous Ulcers. This task requires users to read content on a Web rapscallion on the site. problem 8 †c interrelate on the images on this rogue to spread out them. This task determines the e ase of click navigation to flourish thumbnail images. 3/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 6/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm proletariat 9 †collapse to assignment 2. This task determined if users could voyage the We b interface via a associate taking them tush to a designated rascal in the Web site. assign 10 †Answer the claim questions in subsidization 2. The study qu estions direct the user through a serial publication of multiple-choice items in a linear fashion. slouch retorts allow the u ser to continue to the next question while incorrect answers require the user to go butt to the questi on and make another guarantee to answer.Users cannot go to the next question until the previous q uestion is answered correctly. This task requires navigating through a series of questions with the potential for going stern and forth if an answer is wrong. This task determined if users could succe ssfully navigate the Web interface to the study questions Task 11 †When the study questions are all answered, deteriorate to Assignment 2. This tas k again measures their ability to use the Web interface to return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 12 †command line interfaceck Assignment 3. Task 13 †Read the intact case 2 Herpes Simplex.Again, users are required to read c ontent on the Web site but they must use the Web interface de sign to do it successfully. Task 14 †When you have sinless reading Case 2, return to Assignment 3. This task de termined if users could navigate the Web interface to a case study contained within the instructi onal unit and return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 15 †Click on Assignment 4. Task 16 †Go to Case 1. Task 17 †binge in the diagnosis form. This task required students to locate a case, fill in case study information obtained from previous exercises.This task measures the Web interface’s ease of navigation using forms to complete information. Task 18 †Submit the Form. This task demonstrates if the Web interface allows for ea sy form introduction upon completion. Task 19 †go past to Assignment 4. User must complete a form by canvass the case s tudy patient in this assignment. This task determined if users could substantially navigate the case stud y, fill in the appropriate form field, succumb the form, and return to the d esignated page in the We b site. Task 20 †Click on Assignment 5. Task 21 †Go to the reflection factor form.This task demonstrates if the Web interface all ows users to navigate to the reflection form. Task 22 †Write your reflections on the unit on the form. A form to reflect on the in structional unit is required for assignment 5. This task demonstrates if users will be able, through thi s Web interface, to make text entries in the appropriate form palm in the reflection form. 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 7/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm Task 23 †Submit the form. The task determined if users could navigate the Web inter face to send the completed reflection form electronically.Task 24 †Return to Assignment 5. Determines if users via the Web interface, can eas ily return to a designated page in the Web site. Task 25 †Go to the course evaluation survey. An evaluation form is included in this instructional unit to determine student attitudes and satisfaction levels with the instructional un it. This task measures if the Web interface allows the user to easily locate a survey on the site. Task 26 †Complete the course evaluation survey. This task determined if users using the Web interface, could easily navigate a form to reply to the questions. Task 27 †Submit the survey.This task measures whether the Web interface allows use rs to easily submit form information electronically. Task 28 †Return to Assignment 5. This task measures the Web interface as it allows u ses to return to designated pages in the Web site with ease. Task 29 †Go to the discussion forum. This task determined if the users could open t he forum and is a test of the Web interface design and its ease of promoting discussion. Task 30 †fuck off a forum creation indicating that you have complete the usability evaluati on. This task measures the Web interface design’s success with entering commen ts into a discussion forum.Task 31 †Return to Assignment 5. This task measures the Web interface designs succ ess with returning users to designated pages in the Web site. (N=31 navigational tasks) Non-task performance measures. Following Nielsen, (2000a) subjectusers were asked t o use the ‘think aloud method’ in conjunction with performance measures. The quantitative measu res to be evaluated included the: 1) amount of time to complete the task list, 2) number of err ors per task, 3) number of users completing the task list successfully in the lot time, and 4) at titude of users toward the Web interface.In addition to the quantitative measures, the administrato r collected qualitative data during and after the usability evaluation by each user. This UE was designed to measure the ease of undergraduate dental hygiene student user s navigation through the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instructional unit prot otype Web interface. Although all task completi on or non completion allowed for tests of the in terface, the following iii questions focus more straight on navigation of the prototype Web inte rface: Do all the navigational affaires in this Web site work correctly?Is the organization of this Web site consistent? Is in that respect any confound terminology regarding navigation and organization on this Web site? Results The success or failure on each task performed as well as the qualitative data collect ed from the 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 8/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm post-test interview and the post-test questionnaire are reported. Because the tasks in the UE were short, the quantitative data collected was based on the entire task list and not on each task independently. Users had adequate time to complete the enti re task list.There were 31Website interface navigation tasks completed by tercet subject/users with a total of seven navigation errors. 1. User #1 took 20 minute s to successfully complete the task list with one Web i nterface navigation error. 2. User #2 took 18 minutes to successfully complete the task list with three Web interface navigation errors. 3. User #3 took 19 minutes to successfully complete the task list with three Web interface navigation errors Task 1 â€Users #1 and #2 completed task #1 easily and were able to successfully open t he designated Web site without Web interface navigation error.User #3 entered the Web site goal in the search line of the Web browser, an error message was returned by the browser, and therefore the user entered the Web site address in the address line of the browser and was able to successfully access the home page of the instructional unit via the Web site interface. In this c ase the navigational error relates to lack of whopledge about where to type in a Web address in a Web browser. Task 2 †Read the instructions on the first page of the Web site and click on the lin k that your are dir ected to go to first.User #1 asked, â€Å"Do I make the decision myself to go to assi gnment 1 or to the course syllabus? ” The administrator did not answer this question as the instruct ions on the Web page indicated the first link. This error, while not significant since both links ta ke the student to the appropriate Web page to begin the instructional unit as well as the usability evaluat ion, could add user frustration to the mix. Users #2 and #3 use the Web site interface on the first page of the Web site to readily access the needed location.Task 3, 4, and 5 †Click on Assignment 1 and enter your name and email address in the discussion forum. When this task is complete, return to Assignment 1. User #1 was unable to re adily use the Web interface to access the discussion forum. This user consistently scrolled to the bottom of any page before making any choices about where to go next. This scrolling is not consider ed an error in the prototype but could indicate tha t the Web interface design needs revision to stop this behavior. Once the discussion forum was accessed, this user asked, â€Å"Is this where I go to post my name? The administrator did answer in the approbatory and the user continued with the task. Upon completion of the discussion forum entry user #1 could not navigate game to the desig nated page. The administrator finally intervened and instructed the user to use the â€Å"back” energy on the browser. The user then looked for the â€Å"back key” on the keyboard. Further instructi on from the administrator got the user back on task. When user #2 recognise that the task involved a discussion forum, the user indicated n o previous 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 9/12 ttp://ojni. org/602/usability. htm experience with discussion forums of any type. Her response was â€Å"Am I being timed, b ecause here is the first problem? ” The administrator reassured the user that there is a s much ti me as needed to perform the task. Upon submission of the discussion forum entry, user #2 chose the â€Å" back” button on the browser quickly. User #3 got to the discussion forum easily, but then asked, â€Å"Am I the subject? ” The administrator informed the user that the responses in the form fields did not matter and that any i nformation could be entered in any field.Upon submission of the form entries, user #3 used the â€Å"back” button on the browser but indicated that she thought solely one click of the â€Å"back” button was sufficient. exclusively users successfully completed the task. The Web interface design was not the culprit in these task struggles. Tasks 6, 7, 8, and 9 †Click on Assignment 2. Read the content on Apthous Ulcers. Cl ick on the images to enlarge the view. Return to Assignment 2. Users #1 and #3 did not click o n the images to view a larger version of the image. Both disregarded this portion of the task com pl etely.Perhaps the images were large enough for them. User #2 unresolved the larger view of the images a nd returned to the designated page in the Web site indicating no problem with the Web interface d esign in the discipline of enlarging images. each(prenominal) users returned to the designated page in the Web site, but only one user completed the entire task successfully. Tasks 10 and 11 †Answer the study questions in Assignment 2. When the study questio ns are all answered, return to Assignment 2. All users navigated through the study questions ea sily.User #1 expressed embarrassment, because the administrator of the UE is also a faculty member in the Department of Dental Hygiene, and the user did not want the administrator to know if the answers to the study questions were incorrect. The administrator reminded user #1 that the an swers to the questions were not the purpose of this evaluation. The Web site was being evaluated n ot the knowledge of the user. User #1 contin ued to navigate through the study questions, but indicated distress any time she chose an incorrect response to a study question.It is assumed this frustration related to having to go back and continue to answer until the answer was correct befo re going on. User #2 quickly realized that the links chosen by user #1 were a different color. Sin ce all users participated in the UE on the same computer, the visited hyperlinks were apparent. U ser #2 easily navigated the questions with much less distress about incorrect responses, because sh e realized that her peers had chosen wrong as well. User #3 also observe the visited hyperlinks and navigated the questions without incident.However, user #3 had a problem choosing answers beca use the hyperlink was on only one letter, the user had inconvenience positioning the mouse pointer exactly over the single letter link. The user clicked several propagation before realizing that the link ar ea was very small. This indicates an area of the Web interface design that needs improvement. All users successfully completed these tasks. Tasks 12, 13, and 14 †Click on Assignment 3. Read Case 2. When you have finished re turn to Assignment 3. Users #1 and #3 quickly read the case and returned to the designated We b page.User #2 appeared to have accidentally clicked the wrong link and could not locate Cas e 2. The administrator provided instruction because the user seemed frustrated. After the user located the correct page, there was no problem completing the task. Here it is hard to distingui sh if this is a 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 10/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm Web interface design error or not. Tasks 15, 16, 17, 18, and 19 †Click on Assignment 4. Fill in the form. Submit the form. Return to Assignment 4. This was the first form in the Web site.User #1 began with â€Å"OK, what is this? ” The user had never filled in a form and submitted it through a Web site. U sers #2 and #3 both accessed and filled in the required information in the form fields and returned to the designa ted Web page easily. User #1 took more time, but successfully completed the task. Tasks 20, 21, 22, 23, and 24 †Click on Assignment 5. Go to the reflection form. Fill in the form. Submit the form. Return to Assignment 5. This was the indorse experience with the Web interface using a form. All three users accessed, filled in the form, and submitted the form wi thout a problem.Task 25, 26, 27, and 28 †Go to the course evaluation survey. Complete the course eva luation survey. Submit the survey. Return to Assignment 5. Users #1 and #2 had difficulty loc ating the survey link on the page. Once the survey evaluation link was located, no user had any difficulty completing the task. User #3 completed the task easily, but after submission of the form, the user clicked on the â€Å"back” button to return to the designated Web page in the site. As use r #3 click ed on the â€Å"back” button she said, â€Å"Is it erasing the form information if I am going back wi th the back button? The moderator assured her the action of the â€Å"back” button would not erase fo rm input after submission. Task 29, 30, and 31 †Go to the password Forum. Make a forum entry indicating that you have finished the UE. Return to Assignment 5. By task 31, all users were familiar with th e site and had no trouble navigating the discussion forum and returning to the designated page in the W eb site. Upon completion of the task list, each user had the opportunity to comment on the Web site and offer suggestions and opinions. The following were offered:User #1 indicated that she would be more comfortable if the administrator had not bee n watching her progress. She indicated being watched so close made her very nervous and she th ought the site would have been much easier to navigate on her own. She indicated that she care d the set up of the Web i nterface and asked if there were going to be other sites standardized this for her u se in the dental hygiene curriculum. User #2 indicated that she liked the site and thought it was easy to use. User #3 lik ed the site and would like similar sites for other topics in the dental hygiene curriculum.She indi cated that she did not like using the ‘back button’ after all the forms. All three users expressed nervo usness about being watched by the administrator. Discussion A sample of three users completed this UE. Nielsen (2000b) indicates that three to f ive participants in a UE are adequate. Usability problems were identified in some part of nine of the ten primary tasks on the task list. In addition, some of the problems as told by the users, rela ted to: 1) the administrator present during the UE was also a professor in the Department of Dental Hygiene in 3/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 11/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm which the us er is a student, 2) the evaluation was conducted during the summer school session, and 3) all users were also students in the administrator’s class. Users reported being mo re nervous about the site content in the presence of this administrator. In early UE studies th e usability administrator should be a neutral observer The questionnaire completed by the users following the usability evaluation demonstra ted user satisfaction with the site.Shneiderman (1998) suggests users should give their subje ctive impressions of the Web interface. All but one of the responses indicated that the us ers were snug with the site’s navigation and organization. The users indicated that the t erminology used in the site was clear, they were able to complete the depute tasks easily, the site me t their needs, and the users liked the appearance of the site. The only responses not scored as sati sfactory were related to using the â€Å"back button”. Overall, all three users indi cated the ease of na vigating the Web site interface was satisfactory. RecommendationsIt is evident from the results of this UE that Web-based interfaces for instructional delivery should be evaluated for usability problems. Corrections, suggested by the results, to the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instructional unit prototype and Web interface should be made and the site re-tested before continuing development of the remaining nine courses in the oral pat hology Web-based instructional unit series. The usability evaluation of the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers Web-based inst ructional unit prototype resulted in the following recommendations for improvement to the Web site n avigation and organization. . This may be one time when the use of standard link color in should be violated. Students using the same computer to complete an instructional unit would be able to secern the answ ers chosen by the student previously using the computer. Changes in the Web interfa ce design for te sts so that the link color does not throw when a user chooses a particular response is recommended. 2. When assigning form submissions, provide a link to take the user back to the designated page in the Web site. The users in this UE did not like using the browser’s â€Å"back” button after completing the forms nor following entries to the discussion forum.The Web site interface desig n will be changed so the confirmation pages following discussion forum postings and submission of forms will take the user back to the page accessed immediately prior to the form or discussion f orum. 3. The hyperlinks for the answers to study questions were not large enough. Cli cking on a one letter link made users have a hard time identifying the link. This Web site interfac e design will be corrected so that the entire cell in which the letter choices are located will be the hyperlink. ConclusionsThe UE conducted on the Oral Herpes Simplex and Apthous Ulcers instruc tional unit pro totype Web design interface proved to be a successful method for the determination of usability problems in a 13/3/2013 0:50 Usability Evaluation of a Web Design Interface 12/12 http://ojni. org/602/usability. htm Web-based instructional delivery method. The users identified usability problems with the Web interface as well as with their own scientific discipline or lack of skill with using any browser. Re commendations for revision have been identified by the researcher and will be implemented. Authors NoteShould anyone wish to examine the Website and review the Herpes Simplex and Apthous U lcer instructional unit prototype it can be accessed at http://www. etsu. edu/cpah/dental/dcte760/. References Dumas, J. , & Redish, J. (1999). A Practical Guide to Usability interrogation. Portland: In tellect Books. Fichter, D. (2000). Usability Testing Up Front. Online, 24 (1), 79-84. Graham, J. 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